# basic_json::operator[]

```cpp
// (1)
reference operator[](size_type idx);
const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const;

// (2)
template<typename KeyT>
reference operator[](KeyT && key);
template<typename KeyT>
const_reference operator[](KeyT && key) const;

// (3)
reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr);
const_reference operator[](const json_pointer& ptr) const;
```

1. Returns a reference to the element at specified location `idx`.
2. Returns a reference to the element at with specified key `key`.
3. Returns a reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer `ptr`.

## Template parameters

`KeyT`
:   A type for an object key other than `basic_json::json_pointer`. This can also be a string literal or a string view
    (C++17).

## Parameters

`idx` (in)
:   index of the element to access

`key` (in)
:   object key of the elements to remove
    
`ptr` (in)
:   JSON pointer to the desired element
    
## Return value

1. reference to the element at index `idx`
2. reference to the element at key `key`
3. reference to the element pointed to by `ptr`

## Exceptions

1. The function can throw the following exceptions:
    - Throws [`type_error.305`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error305) if the JSON value is not an array
      or null; in that cases, using the `[]` operator with an index makes no sense.
2. The function can throw the following exceptions:
    - Throws [`type_error.305`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptiontype_error305) if the JSON value is not an array
      or null; in that cases, using the `[]` operator with an index makes no sense.
3. The function can throw the following exceptions:
    - Throws [`parse_error.106`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error106) if an array index in the passed
      JSON pointer `ptr` begins with '0'.
    - Throws [`parse_error.109`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionparse_error109) if an array index in the passed
      JSON pointer `ptr` is not a number.
    - Throws [`out_of_range.402`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range402) if the array index '-' is used
      in the passed JSON pointer `ptr` for the const version.
    - Throws [`out_of_range.404`](../../home/exceptions.md#jsonexceptionout_of_range404) if the JSON pointer `ptr` can
      not be resolved.

## Notes

!!! danger

    1. If the element with key `idx` does not exist, the behavior is undefined.
    2. If the element with key `key` does not exist, the behavior is undefined and is **guarded by an assertion**!

1. The non-const version may add values: If `idx` is beyond the range of the array (i.e., `idx >= size()`), then the
   array is silently filled up with `#!json null` values to make `idx` a valid reference to the last stored element. In
   case the value was `#!json null` before, it is converted to an array.

2. If `key` is not found in the object, then it is silently added to the object and filled with a `#!json null` value to
   make `key` a valid reference. In case the value was `#!json null` before, it is converted to an object.

3. `null` values are created in arrays and objects if necessary.
   
    In particular:

    - If the JSON pointer points to an object key that does not exist, it is created an filled with a `#!json null`
      value before a reference to it is returned.
    - If the JSON pointer points to an array index that does not exist, it is created an filled with a `#!json null`
      value before a reference to it is returned. All indices between the current maximum and the given index are also
      filled with `#!json null`.
    - The special value `-` is treated as a synonym for the index past the end.

## Exception safety

Strong exception safety: if an exception occurs, the original value stays intact.

## Complexity

1. Constant if `idx` is in the range of the array. Otherwise linear in `idx - size()`.
2. Logarithmic in the size of the container.
3. Constant

## Example

??? example

    The example below shows how array elements can be read and written using `[]` operator. Note the addition of
    `#!json null` values.
        
    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type.output"
    ```

??? example

    The example below shows how array elements can be read using the `[]` operator.

    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type_const.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__size_type_const.output"
    ```

??? example

    The example below shows how object elements can be read and written using the `[]` operator.
    
    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type.output"
    ```

??? example

    The example below shows how object elements can be read using the `[]` operator.
    
    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type_const.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operatorarray__key_type_const.output"
    ```

??? example

    The example below shows how values can be read and written using JSON Pointers.
    
    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer.output"
    ```

??? example

    The example below shows how values can be read using JSON Pointers.
    
    ```cpp
    --8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer_const.cpp"
    ```
    
    Output:
    
    ```json
    --8<-- "examples/operatorjson_pointer_const.output"
    ```

## Version history

1. Added in version 1.0.0.
2. Added in version 1.0.0. Overloads for `T* key` added in version 1.1.0. Template `T* key` replaced by template `KeyT`
   in version 3.10.0 which now also supports `std::string_view`.
3. Added in version 2.0.0.
