Merge branch 'develop' into coverity_scan

.github/CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Please understand that I cannot accept pull requests changing only file `src/jso
 - Specifically, I am aware of compilation problems with **Microsoft Visual Studio** (there even is an [issue label](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues?utf8=✓&q=label%3A%22visual+studio%22+) for these kind of bugs). I understand that even in 2016, complete C++11 support isn't there yet. But please also understand that I do not want to drop features or uglify the code just to make Microsoft's sub-standard compiler happy. The past has shown that there are ways to express the functionality such that the code compiles with the most recent MSVC - unfortunately, this is not the main objective of the project.
 - Please refrain from proposing changes that would **break [JSON](http://json.org) conformance**. If you propose a conformant extension of JSON to be supported by the library, please motivate this extension.
   - We shall not extend the library to **support comments**. There is quite some [controversy](https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/4v6chu/why_json_doesnt_support_comments_douglas_crockford/) around this topic, and there were quite some [issues](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/376) on this. We believe that JSON is fine without comments.
-  - We do not preserve the **insertion order of object elements**. The [JSON standard](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159.html) defines objects as "an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs". To this end, this library does not preserve insertion order of name/value pairs. (In fact, keys will be traversed in alphabetical order as `std::map` with `std::less` is used by default.) Note this behavior conforms to the standard, and we shall not it to any other order.
+  - We do not preserve the **insertion order of object elements**. The [JSON standard](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159.html) defines objects as "an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs". To this end, this library does not preserve insertion order of name/value pairs. (In fact, keys will be traversed in alphabetical order as `std::map` with `std::less` is used by default.) Note this behavior conforms to the standard, and we shall not change it to any other order. If you do want to preserve the insertion order, you can specialize the object type with containers like [`tsl::ordered_map`](https://github.com/Tessil/ordered-map) or [`nlohmann::fifo_map`](https://github.com/nlohmann/fifo_map).
 
 - Please do not open pull requests that address **multiple issues**.
 

Makefile

@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ doctest:
 # -Wno-documentation-unknown-command: code uses user-defined commands like @complexity
 # -Wno-exit-time-destructors: warning in Catch code
 # -Wno-keyword-macro: unit-tests use "#define private public"
-# -Wno-deprecated-declarations: some functions are deprecated until 3.0.0
 # -Wno-range-loop-analysis: iterator_wrapper tests tests "for(const auto i...)"
 pedantic:
 	$(MAKE) json_unit CXXFLAGS="\
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ pedantic:
 		-Wno-documentation-unknown-command \
 		-Wno-exit-time-destructors \
 		-Wno-keyword-macro \
-		-Wno-deprecated-declarations \
 		-Wno-range-loop-analysis"
 
 

README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/coveralls/nlohmann/json.svg)](https://coveralls.io/r/nlohmann/json)
 [![Coverity Scan Build Status](https://scan.coverity.com/projects/5550/badge.svg)](https://scan.coverity.com/projects/nlohmann-json)
 [![Codacy Badge](https://api.codacy.com/project/badge/Grade/f3732b3327e34358a0e9d1fe9f661f08)](https://www.codacy.com/app/nlohmann/json?utm_source=github.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=nlohmann/json&utm_campaign=Badge_Grade)
-[![Try online](https://img.shields.io/badge/try-online-blue.svg)](http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/4NEU6ZZMoM9lpIex)
+[![Try online](https://img.shields.io/badge/try-online-blue.svg)](http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/nv9fOg0XVVhWmFFy)
 [![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-doxygen-blue.svg)](http://nlohmann.github.io/json)
 [![GitHub license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nlohmann/json/master/LICENSE.MIT)
 [![Github Releases](https://img.shields.io/github/release/nlohmann/json.svg)](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases)
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ to the files you want to use JSON objects. That's it. Do not forget to set the n
 
 :beer: If you are using OS X and [Homebrew](http://brew.sh), just type `brew tap nlohmann/json` and `brew install nlohmann_json` and you're set. If you want the bleeding edge rather than the latest release, use `brew install nlohmann_json --HEAD`.
 
+:warning: [Version 3.0.0](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/wiki/Road-toward-3.0.0) is currently under development. Branch `develop` is used for the ongoing work and is probably **unstable**. Please use the `master` branch for the last stable version 2.1.1.
+
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -823,9 +825,10 @@ I deeply appreciate the help of the following people.
 - [EnricoBilla](https://github.com/EnricoBilla) noted a typo in an example.
 - [Martin Hořeňovský](https://github.com/horenmar) found a way for a 2x speedup for the compilation time of the test suite.
 - [ukhegg](https://github.com/ukhegg) found proposed an improvement for the examples section.
-- [rswanson-ihi](https://github.com/rswanson-ihi) noted a type in the README.
+- [rswanson-ihi](https://github.com/rswanson-ihi) noted a typo in the README.
 - [Mihai Stan](https://github.com/stanmihai4) fixed a bug in the comparison with `nullptr`s.
 - [Tushar Maheshwari](https://github.com/tusharpm) added [cotire](https://github.com/sakra/cotire) support to speed up the compilation.
+- [TedLyngmo](https://github.com/TedLyngmo) noted a typo in the README.
 
 Thanks a lot for helping out! Please [let me know](mailto:mail@nlohmann.me) if I forgot someone.
 
@@ -876,6 +879,7 @@ The library is currently used in Apple macOS Sierra and iOS 10. I am not sure wh
   - The strings stored in the library are UTF-8 encoded. When using the default string type (`std::string`), note that its length/size functions return the number of stored bytes rather than the number of characters or glyphs.
 - The code can be compiled without C++ **runtime type identification** features; that is, you can use the `-fno-rtti` compiler flag.
 - **Exceptions** are used widly within the library. They can, however, be switched off with either using the compiler flag `-fno-exceptions` or by defining the symbol `JSON_NOEXCEPTION`. In this case, exceptions are replaced by an `abort()` call.
+- By default, the library does not preserve the **insertion order of object elements**. This is standards-compliant, as the [JSON standard](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159.html) defines objects as "an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs". If you do want to preserve the insertion order, you can specialize the object type with containers like [`tsl::ordered_map`](https://github.com/Tessil/ordered-map) or [`nlohmann::fifo_map`](https://github.com/nlohmann/fifo_map).
 
 
 ## Execute unit tests
@@ -884,7 +888,7 @@ To compile and run the tests, you need to execute
 
 ```sh
 $ make json_unit -Ctest
-$ ./test/json_unit "*""
+$ ./test/json_unit "*"
 
 ===============================================================================
 All tests passed (11202597 assertions in 47 test cases)

doc/examples/README.link

-<a target="_blank" href="http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/4NEU6ZZMoM9lpIex"><b>online</b></a>
+<a target="_blank" href="http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/nv9fOg0XVVhWmFFy"><b>online</b></a>
\ No newline at end of file

doc/examples/basic_json__istream.cpp

-#include <json.hpp>
-
-using json = nlohmann::json;
-
-int main()
-{
-    // a JSON text
-    auto text = R"(
-    {
-        "Image": {
-            "Width":  800,
-            "Height": 600,
-            "Title":  "View from 15th Floor",
-            "Thumbnail": {
-                "Url":    "http://www.example.com/image/481989943",
-                "Height": 125,
-                "Width":  100
-            },
-            "Animated" : false,
-            "IDs": [116, 943, 234, 38793]
-        }
-    }
-    )";
-
-    // fill a stream with JSON text
-    std::stringstream ss;
-    ss << text;
-
-    // create JSON from stream
-    json j_complete(ss); // deprecated!
-    // shall be replaced by: json j_complete = json::parse(ss);
-    std::cout << std::setw(4) << j_complete << "\n\n";
-
-
-    // define parser callback
-    json::parser_callback_t cb = [](int depth, json::parse_event_t event, json & parsed)
-    {
-        // skip object elements with key "Thumbnail"
-        if (event == json::parse_event_t::key and parsed == json("Thumbnail"))
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-    };
-
-    // fill a stream with JSON text
-    ss.clear();
-    ss << text;
-
-    // create JSON from stream (with callback)
-    json j_filtered(ss, cb);
-    // shall be replaced by: json j_filtered = json::parse(ss, cb);
-    std::cout << std::setw(4) << j_filtered << '\n';
-}
\ No newline at end of file

doc/examples/basic_json__istream.link

-<a target="_blank" href="http://melpon.org/wandbox/permlink/R6dzpKXlxrttShf7"><b>online</b></a>
\ No newline at end of file

doc/examples/basic_json__istream.output

-{
-    "Image": {
-        "Animated": false,
-        "Height": 600,
-        "IDs": [
-            116,
-            943,
-            234,
-            38793
-        ],
-        "Thumbnail": {
-            "Height": 125,
-            "Url": "http://www.example.com/image/481989943",
-            "Width": 100
-        },
-        "Title": "View from 15th Floor",
-        "Width": 800
-    }
-}
-
-{
-    "Image": {
-        "Animated": false,
-        "Height": 600,
-        "IDs": [
-            116,
-            943,
-            234,
-            38793
-        ],
-        "Title": "View from 15th Floor",
-        "Width": 800
-    }
-}

test/src/unit-constructor1.cpp

@@ -699,6 +699,15 @@ TEST_CASE("constructors")
             json j(n);
             CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::number_float);
         }
+
+        SECTION("infinity")
+        {
+            // infinity is stored as null
+            // should change in the future: https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/388
+            json::number_float_t n(std::numeric_limits<json::number_float_t>::infinity());
+            json j(n);
+            CHECK(j.type() == json::value_t::null);
+        }
     }
 
     SECTION("create a floating-point number (implicit)")
@@ -1272,40 +1281,4 @@ TEST_CASE("constructors")
             }
         }
     }
-
-    SECTION("create a JSON value from an input stream")
-    {
-        SECTION("std::stringstream")
-        {
-            std::stringstream ss;
-            ss << "[\"foo\",1,2,3,false,{\"one\":1}]";
-            json j(ss);
-            CHECK(j == json({"foo", 1, 2, 3, false, {{"one", 1}}}));
-        }
-
-        SECTION("with callback function")
-        {
-            std::stringstream ss;
-            ss << "[\"foo\",1,2,3,false,{\"one\":1}]";
-            json j(ss, [](int, json::parse_event_t, const json & val)
-            {
-                // filter all number(2) elements
-                if (val == json(2))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            });
-            CHECK(j == json({"foo", 1, 3, false, {{"one", 1}}}));
-        }
-
-        SECTION("std::ifstream")
-        {
-            std::ifstream f("test/data/json_tests/pass1.json");
-            json j(f);
-        }
-    }
 }

test/src/unit-convenience.cpp

@@ -49,44 +49,53 @@ TEST_CASE("convenience functions")
 
     SECTION("string escape")
     {
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\"") == "\\\"");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\\") == "\\\\");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\b") == "\\b");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\f") == "\\f");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\n") == "\\n");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\r") == "\\r");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\t") == "\\t");
+        const auto check_escaped = [](const char* original,
+                                      const char* escaped)
+        {
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            json::serializer s(ss);
+            s.dump_escaped(original);
+            CHECK(ss.str() == escaped);
+        };
+
+        check_escaped("\"", "\\\"");
+        check_escaped("\\", "\\\\");
+        check_escaped("\b", "\\b");
+        check_escaped("\f", "\\f");
+        check_escaped("\n", "\\n");
+        check_escaped("\r", "\\r");
+        check_escaped("\t", "\\t");
 
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x01") == "\\u0001");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x02") == "\\u0002");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x03") == "\\u0003");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x04") == "\\u0004");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x05") == "\\u0005");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x06") == "\\u0006");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x07") == "\\u0007");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x08") == "\\b");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x09") == "\\t");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x0a") == "\\n");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x0b") == "\\u000b");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x0c") == "\\f");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x0d") == "\\r");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x0e") == "\\u000e");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x0f") == "\\u000f");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x10") == "\\u0010");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x11") == "\\u0011");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x12") == "\\u0012");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x13") == "\\u0013");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x14") == "\\u0014");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x15") == "\\u0015");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x16") == "\\u0016");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x17") == "\\u0017");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x18") == "\\u0018");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x19") == "\\u0019");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x1a") == "\\u001a");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x1b") == "\\u001b");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x1c") == "\\u001c");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x1d") == "\\u001d");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x1e") == "\\u001e");
-        CHECK(json::escape_string("\x1f") == "\\u001f");
+        check_escaped("\x01", "\\u0001");
+        check_escaped("\x02", "\\u0002");
+        check_escaped("\x03", "\\u0003");
+        check_escaped("\x04", "\\u0004");
+        check_escaped("\x05", "\\u0005");
+        check_escaped("\x06", "\\u0006");
+        check_escaped("\x07", "\\u0007");
+        check_escaped("\x08", "\\b");
+        check_escaped("\x09", "\\t");
+        check_escaped("\x0a", "\\n");
+        check_escaped("\x0b", "\\u000b");
+        check_escaped("\x0c", "\\f");
+        check_escaped("\x0d", "\\r");
+        check_escaped("\x0e", "\\u000e");
+        check_escaped("\x0f", "\\u000f");
+        check_escaped("\x10", "\\u0010");
+        check_escaped("\x11", "\\u0011");
+        check_escaped("\x12", "\\u0012");
+        check_escaped("\x13", "\\u0013");
+        check_escaped("\x14", "\\u0014");
+        check_escaped("\x15", "\\u0015");
+        check_escaped("\x16", "\\u0016");
+        check_escaped("\x17", "\\u0017");
+        check_escaped("\x18", "\\u0018");
+        check_escaped("\x19", "\\u0019");
+        check_escaped("\x1a", "\\u001a");
+        check_escaped("\x1b", "\\u001b");
+        check_escaped("\x1c", "\\u001c");
+        check_escaped("\x1d", "\\u001d");
+        check_escaped("\x1e", "\\u001e");
+        check_escaped("\x1f", "\\u001f");
     }
 }

test/src/unit-conversions.cpp

@@ -182,6 +182,10 @@ TEST_CASE("value conversion")
                 std::vector<float> v;
                 CHECK_THROWS_AS(nlohmann::from_json(j, v), std::logic_error);
                 CHECK(v.capacity() == j.size());
+
+                // make sure all values are properly copied
+                std::vector<int> v2 = json({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10});
+                CHECK(v2.size() == 10);
             }
 #endif
         }

test/src/unit-inspection.cpp

@@ -213,6 +213,18 @@ TEST_CASE("object inspection")
                   "{\n    \"array\": [\n        1,\n        2,\n        3,\n        4\n    ],\n    \"boolean\": false,\n    \"null\": null,\n    \"number\": 42,\n    \"object\": {},\n    \"string\": \"Hello world\"\n}");
         }
 
+        SECTION("indent=x")
+        {
+            CHECK(j.dump().size() == 94);
+            CHECK(j.dump(1).size() == 127);
+            CHECK(j.dump(2).size() == 142);
+            CHECK(j.dump(512).size() == 7792);
+
+            // important test, because it yields a resize of the indent_string
+            // inside the dump() function
+            CHECK(j.dump(1024).size() == 15472);
+        }
+
         SECTION("dump and floating-point numbers")
         {
             auto s = json(42.23).dump();

test/src/unit-meta.cpp

@@ -33,10 +33,14 @@ using nlohmann::json;
 
 TEST_CASE("version information")
 {
-    SECTION("version()")
+    SECTION("meta()")
     {
-        CHECK(json::meta()["name"] == "JSON for Modern C++");
-        CHECK(json::meta()["version"] == json(
+        json j = json::meta();
+
+        CHECK(j["name"] == "JSON for Modern C++");
+        CHECK(j["copyright"] == "(C) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann");
+        CHECK(j["url"] == "https://github.com/nlohmann/json");
+        CHECK(j["version"] == json(
         {
             {"string", "2.1.1"},
             {"major", 2},

test/src/unit-modifiers.cpp

@@ -583,10 +583,11 @@ TEST_CASE("modifiers")
 
             SECTION("insert nothing (count = 0)")
             {
-                auto pos = j_array.end();
                 auto it = j_array.insert(j_array.end(), 0, 5);
                 CHECK(j_array.size() == 4);
-                CHECK(it == pos);
+                // the returned iterator points to the first inserted element;
+                // there were 4 elements, so it should point to the 5th
+                CHECK(it == j_array.begin() + 4);
                 CHECK(j_array == json({1, 2, 3, 4}));
             }
         }

test/src/unit-regression.cpp

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ TEST_CASE("regression tests")
 
     SECTION("pull request #71 - handle enum type")
     {
-        enum { t = 0, u = 1};
+        enum { t = 0, u = 102};
         json j = json::array();
         j.push_back(t);
 
@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ TEST_CASE("regression tests")
         auto anon_enum_value = j2.get<decltype(u)>();
         CHECK(u == anon_enum_value);
 
+        // check if the actual value was stored
+        CHECK(j2 == 102);
+
         static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(anon_enum_value), decltype(u)>::value, "");
 
         j.push_back(json::object(

test/thirdparty/catch/catch.hpp

 /*
- *  Catch v1.7.2
- *  Generated: 2017-02-13 15:57:33.350226
+ *  Catch v1.8.1
+ *  Generated: 2017-03-01 16:04:19.016511
  *  ----------------------------------------------------------
  *  This file has been merged from multiple headers. Please don't edit it directly
  *  Copyright (c) 2012 Two Blue Cubes Ltd. All rights reserved.
@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@
 #elif defined __GNUC__
 #    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wvariadic-macros"
 #    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
+
+     // For newer version we can use __Pragma to disable the warnings locally
+#    if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ <= 7
+#        pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wparentheses"
+#    endif
+
 #    pragma GCC diagnostic push
 #    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
 #endif
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@
 // CATCH_CONFIG_VARIADIC_MACROS : are variadic macros supported?
 // CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER : is the __COUNTER__ macro supported?
 // CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH : is Windows SEH supported?
+// CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS : are POSIX signals supported?
 // ****************
 // Note to maintainers: if new toggles are added please document them
 // in configuration.md, too
@@ -117,12 +124,30 @@
 #  endif
 
 #   if defined(CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER)
-#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
+            _Pragma( "clang diagnostic push" ) \
+            _Pragma( "clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_UNSUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
+            _Pragma( "clang diagnostic pop" )
 #   endif
 
 #endif // __clang__
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Cygwin
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+
+#   if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS)
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#   endif
+
+// Required for some versions of Cygwin to declare gettimeofday
+// see: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36901803/gettimeofday-not-declared-in-this-scope-cygwin
+#   define _BSD_SOURCE
+
+#endif // __CYGWIN__
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Borland
 #ifdef __BORLANDC__
 
@@ -144,12 +169,20 @@
 // GCC
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 
+#   if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 8)
+#       define CATCH_GCC_HAS_NEW_PRAGMA
+#   endif
+
 #   if __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6 && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
 #       define CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_CPP11_NULLPTR
 #   endif
 
-#   if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS) && defined(CATCH_CPP11_OR_GREATER)
-#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+#   if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS) && defined(CATCH_GCC_HAS_NEW_PRAGMA)
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
+            _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic push" ) \
+            _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wparentheses\"" )
+#       define CATCH_INTERNAL_UNSUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
+            _Pragma( "GCC diagnostic pop" )
 #   endif
 
 // - otherwise more recent versions define __cplusplus >= 201103L
@@ -290,9 +323,14 @@
 #if defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH)
 #   define CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH
 #endif
+// This is set by default, because we assume that unix compilers are posix-signal-compatible by default.
+#if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS) && !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS)
+#   define CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+#endif
 
 #if !defined(CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS)
 #   define CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS
+#   define CATCH_INTERNAL_UNSUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS
 #endif
 
 // noexcept support:
@@ -871,6 +909,9 @@ namespace Catch {
         template<typename T> STATIC_ASSERT_Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison& operator % ( T const& );
         template<typename T> STATIC_ASSERT_Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison& operator && ( T const& );
         template<typename T> STATIC_ASSERT_Expression_Too_Complex_Please_Rewrite_As_Binary_Comparison& operator || ( T const& );
+
+	private:
+		DecomposedExpression& operator = (DecomposedExpression const&);
     };
 
     struct AssertionInfo
@@ -967,313 +1008,153 @@ namespace Catch {
 namespace Matchers {
     namespace Impl {
 
-    namespace Generic {
-        template<typename ExpressionT> class AllOf;
-        template<typename ExpressionT> class AnyOf;
-        template<typename ExpressionT> class Not;
-    }
-
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    struct Matcher : SharedImpl<IShared>
-    {
-        typedef ExpressionT ExpressionType;
-
-        virtual ~Matcher() {}
-        virtual Ptr<Matcher> clone() const = 0;
-        virtual bool match( ExpressionT const& expr ) const = 0;
-        virtual std::string toString() const = 0;
-
-        Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT> operator && ( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& other ) const;
-        Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT> operator || ( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& other ) const;
-        Generic::Not<ExpressionT> operator ! () const;
-    };
+        template<typename ArgT> struct MatchAllOf;
+        template<typename ArgT> struct MatchAnyOf;
+        template<typename ArgT> struct MatchNotOf;
 
-    template<typename DerivedT, typename ExpressionT>
-    struct MatcherImpl : Matcher<ExpressionT> {
-
-        virtual Ptr<Matcher<ExpressionT> > clone() const {
-            return Ptr<Matcher<ExpressionT> >( new DerivedT( static_cast<DerivedT const&>( *this ) ) );
-        }
-    };
-
-    namespace Generic {
-        template<typename ExpressionT>
-        class Not : public MatcherImpl<Not<ExpressionT>, ExpressionT> {
+        class MatcherUntypedBase {
         public:
-            explicit Not( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& matcher ) : m_matcher(matcher.clone()) {}
-            Not( Not const& other ) : m_matcher( other.m_matcher ) {}
-
-            virtual bool match( ExpressionT const& expr ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
-                return !m_matcher->match( expr );
+            std::string toString() const {
+                if( m_cachedToString.empty() )
+                    m_cachedToString = describe();
+                return m_cachedToString;
             }
 
-            virtual std::string toString() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
-                return "not " + m_matcher->toString();
-            }
+        protected:
+            virtual std::string describe() const = 0;
+            mutable std::string m_cachedToString;
         private:
-            Ptr< Matcher<ExpressionT> > m_matcher;
+            MatcherUntypedBase& operator = ( MatcherUntypedBase const& );
         };
 
-        template<typename ExpressionT>
-        class AllOf : public MatcherImpl<AllOf<ExpressionT>, ExpressionT> {
-        public:
+        template<typename ObjectT, typename ComparatorT = ObjectT>
+        struct MatcherBase : MatcherUntypedBase {
 
-            AllOf() {}
-            AllOf( AllOf const& other ) : m_matchers( other.m_matchers ) {}
+            virtual bool match( ObjectT const& arg ) const = 0;
 
-            AllOf& add( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& matcher ) {
-                m_matchers.push_back( matcher.clone() );
-                return *this;
-            }
-            virtual bool match( ExpressionT const& expr ) const
-            {
-                for( std::size_t i = 0; i < m_matchers.size(); ++i )
-                    if( !m_matchers[i]->match( expr ) )
+            MatchAllOf<ComparatorT> operator && ( MatcherBase const& other ) const;
+            MatchAnyOf<ComparatorT> operator || ( MatcherBase const& other ) const;
+            MatchNotOf<ComparatorT> operator ! () const;
+        };
+
+        template<typename ArgT>
+        struct MatchAllOf : MatcherBase<ArgT> {
+            virtual bool match( ArgT const& arg ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                for( std::size_t i = 0; i < m_matchers.size(); ++i ) {
+                    if (!m_matchers[i]->match(arg))
                         return false;
+                }
                 return true;
             }
-            virtual std::string toString() const {
-                std::ostringstream oss;
-                oss << "( ";
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                std::string description;
+                description.reserve( 4 + m_matchers.size()*32 );
+                description += "( ";
                 for( std::size_t i = 0; i < m_matchers.size(); ++i ) {
                     if( i != 0 )
-                        oss << " and ";
-                    oss << m_matchers[i]->toString();
+                        description += " and ";
+                    description += m_matchers[i]->toString();
                 }
-                oss << " )";
-                return oss.str();
+                description += " )";
+                return description;
             }
 
-            AllOf operator && ( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& other ) const {
-                AllOf allOfExpr( *this );
-                allOfExpr.add( other );
-                return allOfExpr;
+            MatchAllOf<ArgT>& operator && ( MatcherBase<ArgT> const& other ) {
+                m_matchers.push_back( &other );
+                return *this;
             }
 
-        private:
-            std::vector<Ptr<Matcher<ExpressionT> > > m_matchers;
+            std::vector<MatcherBase<ArgT> const*> m_matchers;
         };
+        template<typename ArgT>
+        struct MatchAnyOf : MatcherBase<ArgT> {
 
-        template<typename ExpressionT>
-        class AnyOf : public MatcherImpl<AnyOf<ExpressionT>, ExpressionT> {
-        public:
-
-            AnyOf() {}
-            AnyOf( AnyOf const& other ) : m_matchers( other.m_matchers ) {}
-
-            AnyOf& add( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& matcher ) {
-                m_matchers.push_back( matcher.clone() );
-                return *this;
-            }
-            virtual bool match( ExpressionT const& expr ) const
-            {
-                for( std::size_t i = 0; i < m_matchers.size(); ++i )
-                    if( m_matchers[i]->match( expr ) )
+            virtual bool match( ArgT const& arg ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                for( std::size_t i = 0; i < m_matchers.size(); ++i ) {
+                    if (m_matchers[i]->match(arg))
                         return true;
+                }
                 return false;
             }
-            virtual std::string toString() const {
-                std::ostringstream oss;
-                oss << "( ";
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                std::string description;
+                description.reserve( 4 + m_matchers.size()*32 );
+                description += "( ";
                 for( std::size_t i = 0; i < m_matchers.size(); ++i ) {
                     if( i != 0 )
-                        oss << " or ";
-                    oss << m_matchers[i]->toString();
-                }
-                oss << " )";
-                return oss.str();
-            }
-
-            AnyOf operator || ( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& other ) const {
-                AnyOf anyOfExpr( *this );
-                anyOfExpr.add( other );
-                return anyOfExpr;
-            }
-
-        private:
-            std::vector<Ptr<Matcher<ExpressionT> > > m_matchers;
-        };
-
-    } // namespace Generic
-
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT> Matcher<ExpressionT>::operator && ( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& other ) const {
-        Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT> allOfExpr;
-        allOfExpr.add( *this );
-        allOfExpr.add( other );
-        return allOfExpr;
+                        description += " or ";
+                    description += m_matchers[i]->toString();
                 }
-
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT> Matcher<ExpressionT>::operator || ( Matcher<ExpressionT> const& other ) const {
-        Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT> anyOfExpr;
-        anyOfExpr.add( *this );
-        anyOfExpr.add( other );
-        return anyOfExpr;
+                description += " )";
+                return description;
             }
 
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    Generic::Not<ExpressionT> Matcher<ExpressionT>::operator ! () const {
-        return Generic::Not<ExpressionT>( *this );
+            MatchAnyOf<ArgT>& operator || ( MatcherBase<ArgT> const& other ) {
+                m_matchers.push_back( &other );
+                return *this;
             }
 
-    namespace StdString {
-
-        inline std::string makeString( std::string const& str ) { return str; }
-        inline std::string makeString( const char* str ) { return str ? std::string( str ) : std::string(); }
-
-        struct CasedString
-        {
-            CasedString( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity )
-            :   m_caseSensitivity( caseSensitivity ),
-                m_str( adjustString( str ) )
-            {}
-            std::string adjustString( std::string const& str ) const {
-                return m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No
-                    ? toLower( str )
-                    : str;
-
-            }
-            std::string toStringSuffix() const
-            {
-                return m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No
-                    ? " (case insensitive)"
-                    : std::string();
-            }
-            CaseSensitive::Choice m_caseSensitivity;
-            std::string m_str;
+            std::vector<MatcherBase<ArgT> const*> m_matchers;
         };
 
-        struct Equals : MatcherImpl<Equals, std::string> {
-            Equals( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes )
-            :   m_data( str, caseSensitivity )
-            {}
-            Equals( Equals const& other ) : m_data( other.m_data ){}
+        template<typename ArgT>
+        struct MatchNotOf : MatcherBase<ArgT> {
 
-            virtual ~Equals();
+            MatchNotOf( MatcherBase<ArgT> const& underlyingMatcher ) : m_underlyingMatcher( underlyingMatcher ) {}
 
-            virtual bool match( std::string const& expr ) const {
-                return m_data.m_str == m_data.adjustString( expr );;
-            }
-            virtual std::string toString() const {
-                return "equals: \"" + m_data.m_str + '"' + m_data.toStringSuffix();
+            virtual bool match( ArgT const& arg ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                return !m_underlyingMatcher.match( arg );
             }
 
-            CasedString m_data;
-        };
-
-        struct Contains : MatcherImpl<Contains, std::string> {
-            Contains( std::string const& substr, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes )
-            : m_data( substr, caseSensitivity ){}
-            Contains( Contains const& other ) : m_data( other.m_data ){}
-
-            virtual ~Contains();
-
-            virtual bool match( std::string const& expr ) const {
-                return m_data.adjustString( expr ).find( m_data.m_str ) != std::string::npos;
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                return "not " + m_underlyingMatcher.toString();
             }
-            virtual std::string toString() const {
-                return "contains: \"" + m_data.m_str  + '"' + m_data.toStringSuffix();
-            }
-
-            CasedString m_data;
+            MatcherBase<ArgT> const& m_underlyingMatcher;
         };
 
-        struct StartsWith : MatcherImpl<StartsWith, std::string> {
-            StartsWith( std::string const& substr, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes )
-            : m_data( substr, caseSensitivity ){}
-
-            StartsWith( StartsWith const& other ) : m_data( other.m_data ){}
-
-            virtual ~StartsWith();
-
-            virtual bool match( std::string const& expr ) const {
-                return startsWith( m_data.adjustString( expr ), m_data.m_str );
-            }
-            virtual std::string toString() const {
-                return "starts with: \"" + m_data.m_str + '"' + m_data.toStringSuffix();
+        template<typename ObjectT, typename ComparatorT>
+        MatchAllOf<ComparatorT> MatcherBase<ObjectT, ComparatorT>::operator && ( MatcherBase const& other ) const {
+            return MatchAllOf<ComparatorT>() && *this && other;
         }
-
-            CasedString m_data;
-        };
-
-        struct EndsWith : MatcherImpl<EndsWith, std::string> {
-            EndsWith( std::string const& substr, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes )
-            : m_data( substr, caseSensitivity ){}
-            EndsWith( EndsWith const& other ) : m_data( other.m_data ){}
-
-            virtual ~EndsWith();
-
-            virtual bool match( std::string const& expr ) const {
-                return endsWith( m_data.adjustString( expr ), m_data.m_str );
+        template<typename ObjectT, typename ComparatorT>
+        MatchAnyOf<ComparatorT> MatcherBase<ObjectT, ComparatorT>::operator || ( MatcherBase const& other ) const {
+            return MatchAnyOf<ComparatorT>() || *this || other;
         }
-            virtual std::string toString() const {
-                return "ends with: \"" + m_data.m_str + '"' + m_data.toStringSuffix();
+        template<typename ObjectT, typename ComparatorT>
+        MatchNotOf<ComparatorT> MatcherBase<ObjectT, ComparatorT>::operator ! () const {
+            return MatchNotOf<ComparatorT>( *this );
         }
 
-            CasedString m_data;
-        };
-    } // namespace StdString
     } // namespace Impl
 
     // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
     // This allows the types to be inferred
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    inline Impl::Generic::Not<ExpressionT> Not( Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m ) {
-        return Impl::Generic::Not<ExpressionT>( m );
-    }
-
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    inline Impl::Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT> AllOf( Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m1,
-                                                    Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m2 ) {
-        return Impl::Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT>().add( m1 ).add( m2 );
-    }
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    inline Impl::Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT> AllOf( Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m1,
-                                                    Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m2,
-                                                    Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m3 ) {
-        return Impl::Generic::AllOf<ExpressionT>().add( m1 ).add( m2 ).add( m3 );
-    }
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    inline Impl::Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT> AnyOf( Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m1,
-                                                    Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m2 ) {
-        return Impl::Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT>().add( m1 ).add( m2 );
-    }
-    template<typename ExpressionT>
-    inline Impl::Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT> AnyOf( Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m1,
-                                                    Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m2,
-                                                    Impl::Matcher<ExpressionT> const& m3 ) {
-        return Impl::Generic::AnyOf<ExpressionT>().add( m1 ).add( m2 ).add( m3 );
-    }
-
-    inline Impl::StdString::Equals      Equals( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::Equals( str, caseSensitivity );
-    }
-    inline Impl::StdString::Equals      Equals( const char* str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::Equals( Impl::StdString::makeString( str ), caseSensitivity );
-    }
-    inline Impl::StdString::Contains    Contains( std::string const& substr, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::Contains( substr, caseSensitivity );
-    }
-    inline Impl::StdString::Contains    Contains( const char* substr, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::Contains( Impl::StdString::makeString( substr ), caseSensitivity );
+    // - deprecated: prefer ||, && and !
+    template<typename T>
+    inline Impl::MatchNotOf<T> Not( Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& underlyingMatcher ) {
+        return Impl::MatchNotOf<T>( underlyingMatcher );
     }
-    inline Impl::StdString::StartsWith  StartsWith( std::string const& substr ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::StartsWith( substr );
+    template<typename T>
+    inline Impl::MatchAllOf<T> AllOf( Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m1, Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m2 ) {
+        return Impl::MatchAllOf<T>() && m1 && m2;
     }
-    inline Impl::StdString::StartsWith  StartsWith( const char* substr ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::StartsWith( Impl::StdString::makeString( substr ) );
+    template<typename T>
+    inline Impl::MatchAllOf<T> AllOf( Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m1, Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m2, Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m3 ) {
+        return Impl::MatchAllOf<T>() && m1 && m2 && m3;
     }
-    inline Impl::StdString::EndsWith    EndsWith( std::string const& substr ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::EndsWith( substr );
+    template<typename T>
+    inline Impl::MatchAnyOf<T> AnyOf( Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m1, Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m2 ) {
+        return Impl::MatchAnyOf<T>() || m1 || m2;
     }
-    inline Impl::StdString::EndsWith    EndsWith( const char* substr ) {
-        return Impl::StdString::EndsWith( Impl::StdString::makeString( substr ) );
+    template<typename T>
+    inline Impl::MatchAnyOf<T> AnyOf( Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m1, Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m2, Impl::MatcherBase<T> const& m3 ) {
+        return Impl::MatchAnyOf<T>() || m1 || m2 || m3;
     }
 
 } // namespace Matchers
 
 using namespace Matchers;
+using Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase;
 
 } // namespace Catch
 
@@ -1328,7 +1209,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         void captureResult( ResultWas::OfType resultType );
         void captureExpression();
         void captureExpectedException( std::string const& expectedMessage );
-        void captureExpectedException( Matchers::Impl::Matcher<std::string> const& matcher );
+        void captureExpectedException( Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase<std::string> const& matcher );
         void handleResult( AssertionResult const& result );
         void react();
         bool shouldDebugBreak() const;
@@ -1358,6 +1239,7 @@ namespace Catch {
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 #pragma warning(push)
 #pragma warning(disable:4389) // '==' : signed/unsigned mismatch
+#pragma warning(disable:4312) // Converting int to T* using reinterpret_cast (issue on x64 platform)
 #endif
 
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -1874,6 +1756,8 @@ class ExpressionLhs : public DecomposedExpression {
 public:
     ExpressionLhs( ResultBuilder& rb, T lhs ) : m_rb( rb ), m_lhs( lhs ), m_truthy(false) {}
 
+    ExpressionLhs& operator = ( const ExpressionLhs& );
+
     template<typename RhsT>
     BinaryExpression<T, Internal::IsEqualTo, RhsT const&>
     operator == ( RhsT const& rhs ) {
@@ -1952,6 +1836,8 @@ public:
     BinaryExpression( ResultBuilder& rb, LhsT lhs, RhsT rhs )
         : m_rb( rb ), m_lhs( lhs ), m_rhs( rhs ) {}
 
+    BinaryExpression& operator = ( BinaryExpression& );
+
     void endExpression() const {
         m_rb
             .setResultType( Internal::compare<Op>( m_lhs, m_rhs ) )
@@ -2246,6 +2132,14 @@ namespace Catch {
 
 }
 
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE)
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// We can speedup compilation significantly by breaking into debugger lower in
+// the callstack, because then we don't have to expand CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER
+// macro in each assertion
+#define INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( resultBuilder ) \
+    resultBuilder.react();
+#else
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // In the event of a failure works out if the debugger needs to be invoked
 // and/or an exception thrown and takes appropriate action.
@@ -2254,6 +2148,7 @@ namespace Catch {
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_REACT( resultBuilder ) \
     if( resultBuilder.shouldDebugBreak() ) CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER(); \
     resultBuilder.react();
+#endif
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 #define INTERNAL_CATCH_TEST( expr, resultDisposition, macroName ) \
@@ -2262,6 +2157,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         try { \
             CATCH_INTERNAL_SUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
             ( __catchResult <= expr ).endExpression(); \
+            CATCH_INTERNAL_UNSUPPRESS_PARENTHESES_WARNINGS \
         } \
         catch( ... ) { \
             __catchResult.useActiveException( resultDisposition ); \
@@ -2825,12 +2721,14 @@ namespace Detail {
     public:
         explicit Approx ( double value )
         :   m_epsilon( std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()*100 ),
+            m_margin( 0.0 ),
             m_scale( 1.0 ),
             m_value( value )
         {}
 
         Approx( Approx const& other )
         :   m_epsilon( other.m_epsilon ),
+            m_margin( other.m_margin ),
             m_scale( other.m_scale ),
             m_value( other.m_value )
         {}
@@ -2842,6 +2740,7 @@ namespace Detail {
         Approx operator()( double value ) {
             Approx approx( value );
             approx.epsilon( m_epsilon );
+            approx.margin( m_margin );
             approx.scale( m_scale );
             return approx;
         }
@@ -2851,7 +2750,11 @@ namespace Detail {
         friend bool operator == ( const T& lhs, Approx const& rhs ) {
             // Thanks to Richard Harris for his help refining this formula
             auto lhs_v = double(lhs);
-            return std::fabs( lhs_v - rhs.m_value ) < rhs.m_epsilon * (rhs.m_scale + (std::max)( std::fabs(lhs_v), std::fabs(rhs.m_value) ) );
+            bool relativeOK = std::fabs(lhs_v - rhs.m_value) < rhs.m_epsilon * (rhs.m_scale + (std::max)(std::fabs(lhs_v), std::fabs(rhs.m_value)));
+            if (relativeOK) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            return std::fabs(lhs_v - rhs.m_value) < rhs.m_margin;
         }
 
         template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<double, T>::value>::type>
@@ -2895,7 +2798,11 @@ namespace Detail {
 #else
         friend bool operator == ( double lhs, Approx const& rhs ) {
             // Thanks to Richard Harris for his help refining this formula
-            return std::fabs( lhs - rhs.m_value ) < rhs.m_epsilon * (rhs.m_scale + (std::max)( std::fabs(lhs), std::fabs(rhs.m_value) ) );
+            bool relativeOK = std::fabs( lhs - rhs.m_value ) < rhs.m_epsilon * (rhs.m_scale + (std::max)( std::fabs(lhs), std::fabs(rhs.m_value) ) );
+            if (relativeOK) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            return std::fabs(lhs - rhs.m_value) < rhs.m_margin;
         }
 
         friend bool operator == ( Approx const& lhs, double rhs ) {
@@ -2936,6 +2843,11 @@ namespace Detail {
             return *this;
         }
 
+        Approx& margin( double newMargin ) {
+            m_margin = newMargin;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
         Approx& scale( double newScale ) {
             m_scale = newScale;
             return *this;
@@ -2949,6 +2861,7 @@ namespace Detail {
 
     private:
         double m_epsilon;
+        double m_margin;
         double m_scale;
         double m_value;
     };
@@ -2961,6 +2874,153 @@ inline std::string toString<Detail::Approx>( Detail::Approx const& value ) {
 
 } // end namespace Catch
 
+// #included from: internal/catch_matchers_string.h
+#define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_MATCHERS_STRING_H_INCLUDED
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace StdString {
+
+        struct CasedString
+        {
+            CasedString( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity );
+            std::string adjustString( std::string const& str ) const;
+            std::string caseSensitivitySuffix() const;
+
+            CaseSensitive::Choice m_caseSensitivity;
+            std::string m_str;
+        };
+
+        struct StringMatcherBase : MatcherBase<std::string> {
+            StringMatcherBase( std::string operation, CasedString const& comparator );
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE;
+
+            CasedString m_comparator;
+            std::string m_operation;
+        };
+
+        struct EqualsMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            EqualsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            virtual bool match( std::string const& source ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE;
+        };
+        struct ContainsMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            ContainsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            virtual bool match( std::string const& source ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE;
+        };
+        struct StartsWithMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            StartsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            virtual bool match( std::string const& source ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE;
+        };
+        struct EndsWithMatcher : StringMatcherBase {
+            EndsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator );
+            virtual bool match( std::string const& source ) const CATCH_OVERRIDE;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace StdString
+
+    // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
+    // This allows the types to be inferred
+
+    StdString::EqualsMatcher Equals( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::ContainsMatcher Contains( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::EndsWithMatcher EndsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+    StdString::StartsWithMatcher StartsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity = CaseSensitive::Yes );
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
+// #included from: internal/catch_matchers_vector.h
+#define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_MATCHERS_VECTOR_H_INCLUDED
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace Vector {
+
+        template<typename T>
+        struct ContainsElementMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T>, T> {
+
+            ContainsElementMatcher(T const &comparator) : m_comparator( comparator) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T> const &v) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                return std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), m_comparator) != v.end();
+            }
+
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                return "Contains: " + Catch::toString( m_comparator );
+            }
+
+            T const& m_comparator;
+        };
+
+        template<typename T>
+        struct ContainsMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T>, std::vector<T> > {
+
+            ContainsMatcher(std::vector<T> const &comparator) : m_comparator( comparator ) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T> const &v) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                // !TBD: see note in EqualsMatcher
+                if (m_comparator.size() > v.size())
+                    return false;
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < m_comparator.size(); ++i)
+                    if (std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), m_comparator[i]) == v.end())
+                        return false;
+                return true;
+            }
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                return "Contains: " + Catch::toString( m_comparator );
+            }
+
+            std::vector<T> const& m_comparator;
+        };
+
+        template<typename T>
+        struct EqualsMatcher : MatcherBase<std::vector<T>, std::vector<T> > {
+
+            EqualsMatcher(std::vector<T> const &comparator) : m_comparator( comparator ) {}
+
+            bool match(std::vector<T> const &v) const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                // !TBD: This currently works if all elements can be compared using !=
+                // - a more general approach would be via a compare template that defaults
+                // to using !=. but could be specialised for, e.g. std::vector<T> etc
+                // - then just call that directly
+                if (m_comparator.size() != v.size())
+                    return false;
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
+                    if (m_comparator[i] != v[i])
+                        return false;
+                return true;
+            }
+            virtual std::string describe() const CATCH_OVERRIDE {
+                return "Equals: " + Catch::toString( m_comparator );
+            }
+            std::vector<T> const& m_comparator;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace Vector
+
+    // The following functions create the actual matcher objects.
+    // This allows the types to be inferred
+
+    template<typename T>
+    Vector::ContainsMatcher<T> Contains( std::vector<T> const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::ContainsMatcher<T>( comparator );
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    Vector::ContainsElementMatcher<T> VectorContains( T const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::ContainsElementMatcher<T>( comparator );
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    Vector::EqualsMatcher<T> Equals( std::vector<T> const& comparator ) {
+        return Vector::EqualsMatcher<T>( comparator );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
+
 // #included from: internal/catch_interfaces_tag_alias_registry.h
 #define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_INTERFACES_TAG_ALIAS_REGISTRY_H_INCLUDED
 
@@ -3342,6 +3402,29 @@ return @ desc; \
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CATCH_IMPL
+
+// !TBD: Move the leak detector code into a separate header
+#ifdef CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_CRTDBG
+#include <crtdbg.h>
+class LeakDetector {
+public:
+	LeakDetector() {
+		int flag = _CrtSetDbgFlag(_CRTDBG_REPORT_FLAG);
+		flag |= _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF;
+		flag |= _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF;
+		_CrtSetDbgFlag(flag);
+		_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE | _CRTDBG_MODE_DEBUG);
+		_CrtSetReportFile(_CRT_WARN, _CRTDBG_FILE_STDERR);
+		// Change this to leaking allocation's number to break there
+		_CrtSetBreakAlloc(-1);
+	}
+};
+#else
+class LeakDetector {};
+#endif
+
+LeakDetector leakDetector;
+
 // #included from: internal/catch_impl.hpp
 #define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_IMPL_HPP_INCLUDED
 
@@ -3601,7 +3684,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         void addPattern() {
             std::string token = subString();
             for( size_t i = 0; i < m_escapeChars.size(); ++i )
-                token = token.substr( 0, m_escapeChars[i]-i ) + token.substr( m_escapeChars[i]+1-i );
+                token = token.substr( 0, m_escapeChars[i]-m_start-i ) + token.substr( m_escapeChars[i]-m_start-i+1 );
             m_escapeChars.clear();
             if( startsWith( token, "exclude:" ) ) {
                 m_exclusion = true;
@@ -6259,6 +6342,16 @@ namespace Catch {
 
 #else // Not Windows - assumed to be POSIX compatible //////////////////////////
 
+#  if !defined(CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS)
+
+namespace Catch {
+    struct FatalConditionHandler {
+        void reset() {}
+    };
+}
+
+#  else // CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS is defined
+
 #include <signal.h>
 
 namespace Catch {
@@ -6337,6 +6430,8 @@ namespace Catch {
 
 } // namespace Catch
 
+#  endif // CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS
+
 #endif // not Windows
 
 #include <set>
@@ -8043,7 +8138,7 @@ namespace Catch {
         return os;
     }
 
-    Version libraryVersion( 1, 7, 2, "", 0 );
+    Version libraryVersion( 1, 8, 1, "", 0 );
 
 }
 
@@ -8214,8 +8309,11 @@ namespace Catch
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CATCH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
+
 #else
+
 #include <sys/time.h>
+
 #endif
 
 namespace Catch {
@@ -8768,12 +8866,12 @@ namespace Catch {
 
     void ResultBuilder::captureExpectedException( std::string const& expectedMessage ) {
         if( expectedMessage.empty() )
-            captureExpectedException( Matchers::Impl::Generic::AllOf<std::string>() );
+            captureExpectedException( Matchers::Impl::MatchAllOf<std::string>() );
         else
             captureExpectedException( Matchers::Equals( expectedMessage ) );
     }
 
-    void ResultBuilder::captureExpectedException( Matchers::Impl::Matcher<std::string> const& matcher ) {
+    void ResultBuilder::captureExpectedException( Matchers::Impl::MatcherBase<std::string> const& matcher ) {
 
         assert( !isFalseTest( m_assertionInfo.resultDisposition ) );
         AssertionResultData data = m_data;
@@ -8807,6 +8905,15 @@ namespace Catch {
     }
 
     void ResultBuilder::react() {
+#if defined(CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE)
+        if (m_shouldDebugBreak) {
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+            // To inspect the state during test, you need to go one level up the callstack
+            // To go back to the test and change execution, jump over the throw statement
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+            CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();
+        }
+#endif
         if( m_shouldThrow )
             throw Catch::TestFailureException();
     }
@@ -8935,6 +9042,86 @@ namespace Catch {
 
 } // end namespace Catch
 
+// #included from: catch_matchers_string.hpp
+
+namespace Catch {
+namespace Matchers {
+
+    namespace StdString {
+
+        CasedString::CasedString( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity )
+        :   m_caseSensitivity( caseSensitivity ),
+            m_str( adjustString( str ) )
+        {}
+        std::string CasedString::adjustString( std::string const& str ) const {
+            return m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No
+                   ? toLower( str )
+                   : str;
+        }
+        std::string CasedString::caseSensitivitySuffix() const {
+            return m_caseSensitivity == CaseSensitive::No
+                   ? " (case insensitive)"
+                   : std::string();
+        }
+
+        StringMatcherBase::StringMatcherBase( std::string operation, CasedString const& comparator )
+        : m_comparator( comparator ),
+          m_operation( operation ) {
+        }
+
+        std::string StringMatcherBase::describe() const {
+            std::string description;
+            description.reserve(5 + m_operation.size() + m_comparator.m_str.size() +
+                                        m_comparator.caseSensitivitySuffix().size());
+            description += m_operation;
+            description += ": \"";
+            description += m_comparator.m_str;
+            description += "\"";
+            description += m_comparator.caseSensitivitySuffix();
+            return description;
+        }
+
+        EqualsMatcher::EqualsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "equals", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool EqualsMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return m_comparator.adjustString( source ) == m_comparator.m_str;
+        }
+
+        ContainsMatcher::ContainsMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "contains", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool ContainsMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return contains( m_comparator.adjustString( source ), m_comparator.m_str );
+        }
+
+        StartsWithMatcher::StartsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "starts with", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool StartsWithMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return startsWith( m_comparator.adjustString( source ), m_comparator.m_str );
+        }
+
+        EndsWithMatcher::EndsWithMatcher( CasedString const& comparator ) : StringMatcherBase( "ends with", comparator ) {}
+
+        bool EndsWithMatcher::match( std::string const& source ) const {
+            return endsWith( m_comparator.adjustString( source ), m_comparator.m_str );
+        }
+
+    } // namespace StdString
+
+    StdString::EqualsMatcher Equals( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::EqualsMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+    StdString::ContainsMatcher Contains( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::ContainsMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+    StdString::EndsWithMatcher EndsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::EndsWithMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+    StdString::StartsWithMatcher StartsWith( std::string const& str, CaseSensitive::Choice caseSensitivity ) {
+        return StdString::StartsWithMatcher( StdString::CasedString( str, caseSensitivity) );
+    }
+
+} // namespace Matchers
+} // namespace Catch
 // #included from: ../reporters/catch_reporter_multi.hpp
 #define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_REPORTER_MULTI_HPP_INCLUDED
 
@@ -9078,6 +9265,7 @@ Ptr<IStreamingReporter> addReporter( Ptr<IStreamingReporter> const& existingRepo
 #define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_REPORTER_BASES_HPP_INCLUDED
 
 #include <cstring>
+#include <assert.h>
 
 namespace Catch {
 
@@ -9677,6 +9865,12 @@ namespace Catch {
             return std::string();
         }
 
+        void writeSourceInfo( SourceLineInfo const& sourceInfo ) {
+            m_xml
+                .writeAttribute( "filename", sourceInfo.file )
+                .writeAttribute( "line", sourceInfo.line );
+        }
+
     public: // StreamingReporterBase
 
         virtual void noMatchingTestCases( std::string const& s ) CATCH_OVERRIDE {
@@ -9706,6 +9900,8 @@ namespace Catch {
                 .writeAttribute( "description", testInfo.description )
                 .writeAttribute( "tags", testInfo.tagsAsString );
 
+            writeSourceInfo( testInfo.lineInfo );
+
             if ( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always )
                 m_testCaseTimer.start();
             m_xml.ensureTagClosed();
@@ -9717,6 +9913,7 @@ namespace Catch {
                 m_xml.startElement( "Section" )
                     .writeAttribute( "name", trim( sectionInfo.name ) )
                     .writeAttribute( "description", sectionInfo.description );
+                writeSourceInfo( sectionInfo.lineInfo );
                 m_xml.ensureTagClosed();
             }
         }
@@ -9749,9 +9946,9 @@ namespace Catch {
             if( assertionResult.hasExpression() ) {
                 m_xml.startElement( "Expression" )
                     .writeAttribute( "success", assertionResult.succeeded() )
-                    .writeAttribute( "type", assertionResult.getTestMacroName() )
-                    .writeAttribute( "filename", assertionResult.getSourceInfo().file )
-                    .writeAttribute( "line", assertionResult.getSourceInfo().line );
+                    .writeAttribute( "type", assertionResult.getTestMacroName() );
+
+                writeSourceInfo( assertionResult.getSourceInfo() );
 
                 m_xml.scopedElement( "Original" )
                     .writeText( assertionResult.getExpression() );
@@ -9762,16 +9959,16 @@ namespace Catch {
             // And... Print a result applicable to each result type.
             switch( assertionResult.getResultType() ) {
                 case ResultWas::ThrewException:
-                    m_xml.scopedElement( "Exception" )
-                        .writeAttribute( "filename", assertionResult.getSourceInfo().file )
-                        .writeAttribute( "line", assertionResult.getSourceInfo().line )
-                        .writeText( assertionResult.getMessage() );
+                    m_xml.startElement( "Exception" );
+                    writeSourceInfo( assertionResult.getSourceInfo() );
+                    m_xml.writeText( assertionResult.getMessage() );
+                    m_xml.endElement();
                     break;
                 case ResultWas::FatalErrorCondition:
-                    m_xml.scopedElement( "FatalErrorCondition" )
-                        .writeAttribute( "filename", assertionResult.getSourceInfo().file )
-                        .writeAttribute( "line", assertionResult.getSourceInfo().line )
-                        .writeText( assertionResult.getMessage() );
+                    m_xml.startElement( "FatalErrorCondition" );
+                    writeSourceInfo( assertionResult.getSourceInfo() );
+                    m_xml.writeText( assertionResult.getMessage() );
+                    m_xml.endElement();
                     break;
                 case ResultWas::Info:
                     m_xml.scopedElement( "Info" )
@@ -9781,8 +9978,10 @@ namespace Catch {
                     // Warning will already have been written
                     break;
                 case ResultWas::ExplicitFailure:
-                    m_xml.scopedElement( "Failure" )
-                        .writeText( assertionResult.getMessage() );
+                    m_xml.startElement( "Failure" );
+                    writeSourceInfo( assertionResult.getSourceInfo() );
+                    m_xml.writeText( assertionResult.getMessage() );
+                    m_xml.endElement();
                     break;
                 default:
                     break;
@@ -10095,8 +10294,30 @@ namespace Catch {
 // #included from: ../reporters/catch_reporter_console.hpp
 #define TWOBLUECUBES_CATCH_REPORTER_CONSOLE_HPP_INCLUDED
 
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <cstdio>
+
 namespace Catch {
 
+    namespace {
+        // Because formatting using c++ streams is stateful, drop down to C is required
+        // Alternatively we could use stringstream, but its performance is... not good.
+        std::string getFormattedDuration( double duration ) {
+            // Max exponent + 1 is required to represent the whole part
+            // + 1 for decimal point
+            // + 3 for the 3 decimal places
+            // + 1 for null terminator
+            const size_t maxDoubleSize = DBL_MAX_10_EXP + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1;
+            char buffer[maxDoubleSize];
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+            sprintf_s(buffer, "%.3f", duration);
+#else
+            sprintf(buffer, "%.3f", duration);
+#endif
+            return std::string(buffer);
+        }
+    }
+
     struct ConsoleReporter : StreamingReporterBase {
         ConsoleReporter( ReporterConfig const& _config )
         :   StreamingReporterBase( _config ),
@@ -10149,15 +10370,12 @@ namespace Catch {
                     stream << "\nNo assertions in test case";
                 stream << " '" << _sectionStats.sectionInfo.name << "'\n" << std::endl;
             }
+            if( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always ) {
+                stream << getFormattedDuration(_sectionStats.durationInSeconds) << " s: " << _sectionStats.sectionInfo.name << std::endl;
+            }
             if( m_headerPrinted ) {
-                if( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always )
-                    stream << "Completed in " << _sectionStats.durationInSeconds << 's' << std::endl;
                 m_headerPrinted = false;
             }
-            else {
-                if( m_config->showDurations() == ShowDurations::Always )
-                    stream << _sectionStats.sectionInfo.name << " completed in " << _sectionStats.durationInSeconds << 's' << std::endl;
-            }
             StreamingReporterBase::sectionEnded( _sectionStats );
         }
 
@@ -10860,11 +11078,6 @@ namespace Catch {
     TestSpec::TagPattern::~TagPattern() {}
     TestSpec::ExcludedPattern::~ExcludedPattern() {}
 
-    Matchers::Impl::StdString::Equals::~Equals() {}
-    Matchers::Impl::StdString::Contains::~Contains() {}
-    Matchers::Impl::StdString::StartsWith::~StartsWith() {}
-    Matchers::Impl::StdString::EndsWith::~EndsWith() {}
-
     void Config::dummy() {}
 
     namespace TestCaseTracking {