/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */

#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
#endif
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <grp.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <libgen.h>
#include <linux/loop.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#include <sys/sendfile.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "af_unix.h"
#include "caps.h"
#include "cgroups/cgroup.h"
#include "conf.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "confile.h"
#include "confile_utils.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "lsm/lsm.h"
#include "lxclock.h"
#include "lxcseccomp.h"
#include "macro.h"
#include "memory_utils.h"
#include "mount_utils.h"
#include "namespace.h"
#include "network.h"
#include "parse.h"
#include "process_utils.h"
#include "ringbuf.h"
#include "start.h"
#include "storage/storage.h"
#include "storage/overlay.h"
#include "syscall_wrappers.h"
#include "terminal.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include "uuid.h"

#ifdef MAJOR_IN_MKDEV
#include <sys/mkdev.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STATVFS
#include <sys/statvfs.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_OPENPTY
#include <pty.h>
#else
#include <../include/openpty.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_LIBCAP
#include <sys/capability.h>
#endif

#if HAVE_SYS_PERSONALITY_H
#include <sys/personality.h>
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_STRLCAT
#include "include/strlcat.h"
#endif

#if IS_BIONIC
#include <../include/lxcmntent.h>
#else
#include <mntent.h>
#endif

#if !defined(HAVE_PRLIMIT) && defined(HAVE_PRLIMIT64)
#include <../include/prlimit.h>
#endif

lxc_log_define(conf, lxc);

/* The lxc_conf of the container currently being worked on in an API call.
 * This is used in the error calls.
 */
#ifdef HAVE_TLS
thread_local struct lxc_conf *current_config;
#else
struct lxc_conf *current_config;
#endif

char *lxchook_names[NUM_LXC_HOOKS] = {
	"pre-start",
	"pre-mount",
	"mount",
	"autodev",
	"start",
	"stop",
	"post-stop",
	"clone",
	"destroy",
	"start-host"
};

struct mount_opt {
	char *name;
	int clear;
	int flag;
};

struct caps_opt {
	char *name;
	int value;
};

struct limit_opt {
	char *name;
	int value;
};

static struct mount_opt mount_opt[] = {
	{ "async",         1, MS_SYNCHRONOUS },
	{ "atime",         1, MS_NOATIME     },
	{ "bind",          0, MS_BIND        },
	{ "defaults",      0, 0              },
	{ "dev",           1, MS_NODEV       },
	{ "diratime",      1, MS_NODIRATIME  },
	{ "dirsync",       0, MS_DIRSYNC     },
	{ "exec",          1, MS_NOEXEC      },
	{ "lazytime",	   0, MS_LAZYTIME    },
	{ "mand",          0, MS_MANDLOCK    },
	{ "noatime",       0, MS_NOATIME     },
	{ "nodev",         0, MS_NODEV       },
	{ "nodiratime",    0, MS_NODIRATIME  },
	{ "noexec",        0, MS_NOEXEC      },
	{ "nomand",        1, MS_MANDLOCK    },
	{ "norelatime",    1, MS_RELATIME    },
	{ "nostrictatime", 1, MS_STRICTATIME },
	{ "nosuid",        0, MS_NOSUID      },
	{ "rbind",         0, MS_BIND|MS_REC },
	{ "relatime",      0, MS_RELATIME    },
	{ "remount",       0, MS_REMOUNT     },
	{ "ro",            0, MS_RDONLY      },
	{ "rw",            1, MS_RDONLY      },
	{ "strictatime",   0, MS_STRICTATIME },
	{ "suid",          1, MS_NOSUID      },
	{ "sync",          0, MS_SYNCHRONOUS },
	{ NULL,            0, 0              },
};

static struct mount_opt propagation_opt[] = {
	{ "private",     0, MS_PRIVATE           },
	{ "shared",      0, MS_SHARED            },
	{ "slave",       0, MS_SLAVE             },
	{ "unbindable",  0, MS_UNBINDABLE        },
	{ "rprivate",    0, MS_PRIVATE|MS_REC    },
	{ "rshared",     0, MS_SHARED|MS_REC     },
	{ "rslave",      0, MS_SLAVE|MS_REC      },
	{ "runbindable", 0, MS_UNBINDABLE|MS_REC },
	{ NULL,          0, 0                    },
};

static struct caps_opt caps_opt[] = {
#if HAVE_LIBCAP
	{ "chown",              CAP_CHOWN              },
	{ "dac_override",       CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE       },
	{ "dac_read_search",    CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH    },
	{ "fowner",             CAP_FOWNER             },
	{ "fsetid",             CAP_FSETID             },
	{ "kill",               CAP_KILL               },
	{ "setgid",             CAP_SETGID             },
	{ "setuid",             CAP_SETUID             },
	{ "setpcap",            CAP_SETPCAP            },
	{ "linux_immutable",    CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE    },
	{ "net_bind_service",   CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE   },
	{ "net_broadcast",      CAP_NET_BROADCAST      },
	{ "net_admin",          CAP_NET_ADMIN          },
	{ "net_raw",            CAP_NET_RAW            },
	{ "ipc_lock",           CAP_IPC_LOCK           },
	{ "ipc_owner",          CAP_IPC_OWNER          },
	{ "sys_module",         CAP_SYS_MODULE         },
	{ "sys_rawio",          CAP_SYS_RAWIO          },
	{ "sys_chroot",         CAP_SYS_CHROOT         },
	{ "sys_ptrace",         CAP_SYS_PTRACE         },
	{ "sys_pacct",          CAP_SYS_PACCT          },
	{ "sys_admin",          CAP_SYS_ADMIN          },
	{ "sys_boot",           CAP_SYS_BOOT           },
	{ "sys_nice",           CAP_SYS_NICE           },
	{ "sys_resource",       CAP_SYS_RESOURCE       },
	{ "sys_time",           CAP_SYS_TIME           },
	{ "sys_tty_config",     CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG     },
	{ "mknod",              CAP_MKNOD              },
	{ "lease",              CAP_LEASE              },
	{ "audit_write",        CAP_AUDIT_WRITE        },
	{ "audit_control",      CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL      },
	{ "setfcap",            CAP_SETFCAP            },
	{ "mac_override",       CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE       },
	{ "mac_admin",          CAP_MAC_ADMIN          },
	{ "syslog",             CAP_SYSLOG             },
	{ "wake_alarm",         CAP_WAKE_ALARM         },
	{ "block_suspend",      CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND      },
	{ "audit_read",         CAP_AUDIT_READ         },
	{ "perfmon",            CAP_PERFMON            },
	{ "bpf",                CAP_BPF                },
	{ "checkpoint_restore", CAP_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE },
#endif
};

static struct limit_opt limit_opt[] = {
#ifdef RLIMIT_AS
	{ "as",          RLIMIT_AS          },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_CORE
	{ "core",        RLIMIT_CORE        },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_CPU
	{ "cpu",         RLIMIT_CPU         },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_DATA
	{ "data",        RLIMIT_DATA        },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_FSIZE
	{ "fsize",       RLIMIT_FSIZE       },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_LOCKS
	{ "locks",       RLIMIT_LOCKS       },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
	{ "memlock",     RLIMIT_MEMLOCK     },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE
	{ "msgqueue",    RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE    },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_NICE
	{ "nice",        RLIMIT_NICE        },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_NOFILE
	{ "nofile",      RLIMIT_NOFILE      },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_NPROC
	{ "nproc",       RLIMIT_NPROC       },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_RSS
	{ "rss",         RLIMIT_RSS         },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_RTPRIO
	{ "rtprio",      RLIMIT_RTPRIO      },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_RTTIME
	{ "rttime",      RLIMIT_RTTIME      },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
	{ "sigpending",  RLIMIT_SIGPENDING  },
#endif
#ifdef RLIMIT_STACK
	{ "stack",       RLIMIT_STACK       },
#endif
};

static int run_buffer(char *buffer)
{
	__do_free char *output = NULL;
	__do_lxc_pclose struct lxc_popen_FILE *f = NULL;
	int fd, ret;

	f = lxc_popen(buffer);
	if (!f)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to popen() %s", buffer);

	output = malloc(LXC_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE);
	if (!output)
		return log_error_errno(-1, ENOMEM, "Failed to allocate memory for %s", buffer);

	fd = fileno(f->f);
	if (fd < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to retrieve underlying file descriptor");

	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
		ssize_t bytes_read;

		bytes_read = lxc_read_nointr(fd, output, LXC_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE - 1);
		if (bytes_read > 0) {
			output[bytes_read] = '\0';
			DEBUG("Script %s produced output: %s", buffer, output);
			continue;
		}

		break;
	}

	ret = lxc_pclose(move_ptr(f));
	if (ret == -1)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Script exited with error");
	else if (WIFEXITED(ret) && WEXITSTATUS(ret) != 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Script exited with status %d", WEXITSTATUS(ret));
	else if (WIFSIGNALED(ret))
		return log_error(-1, "Script terminated by signal %d", WTERMSIG(ret));

	return 0;
}

int run_script_argv(const char *name, unsigned int hook_version,
		    const char *section, const char *script,
		    const char *hookname, char **argv)
{
	__do_free char *buffer = NULL;
	int buf_pos, i, ret;
	size_t size = 0;

	if (hook_version == 0)
		INFO("Executing script \"%s\" for container \"%s\", config section \"%s\"",
		     script, name, section);
	else
		INFO("Executing script \"%s\" for container \"%s\"", script, name);

	for (i = 0; argv && argv[i]; i++)
		size += strlen(argv[i]) + 1;

	size += STRLITERALLEN("exec");
	size++;
	size += strlen(script);
	size++;

	if (size > INT_MAX)
		return -EFBIG;

	if (hook_version == 0) {
		size += strlen(hookname);
		size++;

		size += strlen(name);
		size++;

		size += strlen(section);
		size++;

		if (size > INT_MAX)
			return -EFBIG;
	}

	buffer = malloc(size);
	if (!buffer)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (hook_version == 0)
		buf_pos = strnprintf(buffer, size, "exec %s %s %s %s", script, name, section, hookname);
	else
		buf_pos = strnprintf(buffer, size, "exec %s", script);
	if (buf_pos < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create command line for script \"%s\"", script);

	if (hook_version == 1) {
		ret = setenv("LXC_HOOK_TYPE", hookname, 1);
		if (ret < 0) {
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_HOOK_TYPE=%s", hookname);
		}
		TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_HOOK_TYPE=%s", hookname);

		ret = setenv("LXC_HOOK_SECTION", section, 1);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_HOOK_SECTION=%s", section);
		TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_HOOK_SECTION=%s", section);

		if (strequal(section, "net")) {
			char *parent;

			if (!argv || !argv[0])
				return -1;

			ret = setenv("LXC_NET_TYPE", argv[0], 1);
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_NET_TYPE=%s", argv[0]);
			TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_NET_TYPE=%s", argv[0]);

			parent = argv[1] ? argv[1] : "";

			if (strequal(argv[0], "macvlan")) {
				ret = setenv("LXC_NET_PARENT", parent, 1);
				if (ret < 0)
					return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_NET_PARENT=%s", parent);
				TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_NET_PARENT=%s", parent);
			} else if (strequal(argv[0], "phys")) {
				ret = setenv("LXC_NET_PARENT", parent, 1);
				if (ret < 0)
					return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_NET_PARENT=%s", parent);
				TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_NET_PARENT=%s", parent);
			} else if (strequal(argv[0], "veth")) {
				char *peer = argv[2] ? argv[2] : "";

				ret = setenv("LXC_NET_PEER", peer, 1);
				if (ret < 0)
					return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_NET_PEER=%s", peer);
				TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_NET_PEER=%s", peer);

				ret = setenv("LXC_NET_PARENT", parent, 1);
				if (ret < 0)
					return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set environment variable: LXC_NET_PARENT=%s", parent);
				TRACE("Set environment variable: LXC_NET_PARENT=%s", parent);
			}
		}
	}

	for (i = 0; argv && argv[i]; i++) {
		size_t len = size - buf_pos;

		ret = strnprintf(buffer + buf_pos, len, " %s", argv[i]);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create command line for script \"%s\"", script);
		buf_pos += ret;
	}

	return run_buffer(buffer);
}

int run_script(const char *name, const char *section, const char *script, ...)
{
	__do_free char *buffer = NULL;
	int ret;
	char *p;
	va_list ap;
	size_t size = 0;

	INFO("Executing script \"%s\" for container \"%s\", config section \"%s\"",
	     script, name, section);

	va_start(ap, script);
	while ((p = va_arg(ap, char *)))
		size += strlen(p) + 1;
	va_end(ap);

	size += STRLITERALLEN("exec");
	size += strlen(script);
	size += strlen(name);
	size += strlen(section);
	size += 4;

	if (size > INT_MAX)
		return -1;

	buffer = must_realloc(NULL, size);
	ret = strnprintf(buffer, size, "exec %s %s %s", script, name, section);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	va_start(ap, script);
	while ((p = va_arg(ap, char *))) {
		int len = size - ret;
		int rc;
		rc = strnprintf(buffer + ret, len, " %s", p);
		if (rc < 0) {
			va_end(ap);
			return -1;
		}
		ret += rc;
	}
	va_end(ap);

	return run_buffer(buffer);
}

/* lxc_rootfs_prepare
 * if rootfs is a directory, then open ${rootfs}/.lxc-keep for writing for
 * the duration of the container run, to prevent the container from marking
 * the underlying fs readonly on shutdown. unlink the file immediately so
 * no name pollution is happens.
 * don't unlink on NFS to avoid random named stale handles.
 */
int lxc_rootfs_prepare(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs, bool userns)
{
	__do_close int dfd_path = -EBADF, fd_pin = -EBADF;
	int ret;
	struct stat st;
	struct statfs stfs;

	if (rootfs->path) {
		if (rootfs->bdev_type &&
		    (strequal(rootfs->bdev_type, "overlay") ||
		     strequal(rootfs->bdev_type, "overlayfs")))
			return log_trace_errno(0, EINVAL, "Not pinning on stacking filesystem");

		dfd_path = open_at(-EBADF, rootfs->path, PROTECT_OPATH_FILE, 0, 0);
	} else {
		dfd_path = open_at(-EBADF, "/", PROTECT_OPATH_FILE, PROTECT_LOOKUP_ABSOLUTE, 0);
	}
	if (dfd_path < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open \"%s\"", rootfs->path);

	if (!rootfs->path)
		return log_trace(0, "Not pinning because container does not have a rootfs");

	if (userns)
		return log_trace(0, "Not pinning because container runs in user namespace");

	ret = fstat(dfd_path, &st);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_trace_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to retrieve file status");

	if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
		return log_trace_errno(0, ENOTDIR, "Not pinning because file descriptor is not a directory");

	fd_pin = open_at(dfd_path, ".lxc_keep",
			 PROTECT_OPEN | O_CREAT,
			 PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH,
			 S_IWUSR | S_IRUSR);
	if (fd_pin < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to pin rootfs");

	TRACE("Pinned rootfs %d(.lxc_keep)", fd_pin);

	ret = fstatfs(fd_pin, &stfs);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSWARN("Failed to retrieve filesystem status");
		goto out;
	}

	if (stfs.f_type == NFS_SUPER_MAGIC) {
		DEBUG("Not unlinking pinned file on NFS");
		goto out;
	}

	if (unlinkat(dfd_path, ".lxc_keep", 0))
		SYSTRACE("Failed to unlink rootfs pinning file %d(.lxc_keep)", dfd_path);
	else
		TRACE("Unlinked pinned file %d(.lxc_keep)", dfd_path);

out:
	rootfs->fd_path_pin = move_fd(fd_pin);
	return 0;
}

static int add_shmount_to_list(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	char new_mount[PATH_MAX];
	/* Offset for the leading '/' since the path_cont
	 * is absolute inside the container.
	 */
	int offset = 1, ret = -1;

	ret = strnprintf(new_mount, sizeof(new_mount),
		       "%s %s none bind,create=dir 0 0", conf->shmount.path_host,
		       conf->shmount.path_cont + offset);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	return add_elem_to_mount_list(new_mount, conf);
}

static int lxc_mount_auto_mounts(struct lxc_handler *handler, int flags)
{
	int i, ret;
	static struct {
		int match_mask;
		int match_flag;
		const char *source;
		const char *destination;
		const char *fstype;
		unsigned long flags;
		const char *options;
		bool requires_cap_net_admin;
	} default_mounts[] = {
		/* Read-only bind-mounting... In older kernels, doing that
		 * required to do one MS_BIND mount and then
		 * MS_REMOUNT|MS_RDONLY the same one. According to mount(2)
		 * manpage, MS_BIND honors MS_RDONLY from kernel 2.6.26
		 * onwards. However, this apparently does not work on kernel
		 * 3.8. Unfortunately, on that very same kernel, doing the same
		 * trick as above doesn't seem to work either, there one needs
		 * to ALSO specify MS_BIND for the remount, otherwise the
		 * entire fs is remounted read-only or the mount fails because
		 * it's busy...  MS_REMOUNT|MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY seems to work for
		 * kernels as low as 2.6.32...
		 */
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, "proc",                                           "%r/proc",                    "proc",  MS_NODEV|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NOSUID,                    NULL, false },
		/* proc/tty is used as a temporary placeholder for proc/sys/net which we'll move back in a few steps */
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, "%r/proc/sys/net",                                "%r/proc/tty",                NULL,    MS_BIND,                                         NULL, true	 },
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, "%r/proc/sys",                                    "%r/proc/sys",                NULL,    MS_BIND,                                         NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, NULL,                                             "%r/proc/sys",                NULL,    MS_REMOUNT|MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY,                    NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, "%r/proc/tty",                                    "%r/proc/sys/net",            NULL,    MS_MOVE,                                         NULL, true  },
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, "%r/proc/sysrq-trigger",                          "%r/proc/sysrq-trigger",      NULL,    MS_BIND,                                         NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_MIXED, NULL,                                             "%r/proc/sysrq-trigger",      NULL,    MS_REMOUNT|MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY,                    NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK, LXC_AUTO_PROC_RW,    "proc",                                           "%r/proc",                    "proc",  MS_NODEV|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NOSUID,                    NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_RW,     "sysfs",                                          "%r/sys",                     "sysfs", 0,                                               NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_RO,     "sysfs",                                          "%r/sys",                     "sysfs", MS_RDONLY,                                       NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_MIXED,  "sysfs",                                          "%r/sys",                     "sysfs", MS_NODEV|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NOSUID,                    NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_MIXED,  "%r/sys",                                         "%r/sys",                     NULL,    MS_BIND,                                         NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_MIXED,  NULL,                                             "%r/sys",                     NULL,    MS_REMOUNT|MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY,                    NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_MIXED,  "sysfs",                                          "%r/sys/devices/virtual/net", "sysfs", 0,                                               NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_MIXED,  "%r/sys/devices/virtual/net/devices/virtual/net", "%r/sys/devices/virtual/net", NULL,    MS_BIND,                                         NULL, false },
		{ LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK,  LXC_AUTO_SYS_MIXED,  NULL,                                             "%r/sys/devices/virtual/net", NULL,    MS_REMOUNT|MS_BIND|MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_NOEXEC, NULL, false },
		{ 0,                  0,                   NULL,                                             NULL,                         NULL,    0,                                               NULL, false }
	};
	struct lxc_conf *conf = handler->conf;
        struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs = &conf->rootfs;
        bool has_cap_net_admin;

        if (flags & LXC_AUTO_PROC_MASK) {
		ret = mkdirat(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "proc" , S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
		if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
					       "Failed to create proc mountpoint under %d", rootfs->dfd_mnt);
	}

	if (flags & LXC_AUTO_SYS_MASK) {
		ret = mkdirat(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "sys" , S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
		if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
					       "Failed to create sysfs mountpoint under %d", rootfs->dfd_mnt);
	}

        has_cap_net_admin = lxc_wants_cap(CAP_NET_ADMIN, conf);
        for (i = 0; default_mounts[i].match_mask; i++) {
		__do_free char *destination = NULL, *source = NULL;
		int saved_errno;
		unsigned long mflags;
		if ((flags & default_mounts[i].match_mask) != default_mounts[i].match_flag)
			continue;

		if (default_mounts[i].source) {
			/* will act like strdup if %r is not present */
			source = lxc_string_replace("%r", rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : "", default_mounts[i].source);
			if (!source)
				return -1;
		}

		if (!default_mounts[i].destination)
			return log_error(-1, "BUG: auto mounts destination %d was NULL", i);

		if (!has_cap_net_admin && default_mounts[i].requires_cap_net_admin) {
			TRACE("Container does not have CAP_NET_ADMIN. Skipping \"%s\" mount", default_mounts[i].source ?: "(null)");
			continue;
		}

		/* will act like strdup if %r is not present */
		destination = lxc_string_replace("%r", rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : "", default_mounts[i].destination);
		if (!destination)
			return -1;

		mflags = add_required_remount_flags(source, destination,
						    default_mounts[i].flags);
		ret = safe_mount(source, destination, default_mounts[i].fstype,
				mflags, default_mounts[i].options,
				rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : NULL);
		saved_errno = errno;
		if (ret < 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
			INFO("Mount source or target for \"%s\" on \"%s\" does not exist. Skipping", source, destination);
			ret = 0;
		} else if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to mount \"%s\" on \"%s\" with flags %lu", source, destination, mflags);
		}

		if (ret < 0) {
			errno = saved_errno;
			return -1;
		}
	}

	if (flags & LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MASK) {
		int cg_flags;

		cg_flags = flags & (LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MASK & ~LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FORCE);
		/* If the type of cgroup mount was not specified, it depends on
		 * the container's capabilities as to what makes sense: if we
		 * have CAP_SYS_ADMIN, the read-only part can be remounted
		 * read-write anyway, so we may as well default to read-write;
		 * then the admin will not be given a false sense of security.
		 * (And if they really want mixed r/o r/w, then they can
		 * explicitly specify :mixed.) OTOH, if the container lacks
		 * CAP_SYS_ADMIN, do only default to :mixed, because then the
		 * container can't remount it read-write.
		 */
		if ((cg_flags == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_NOSPEC) || (cg_flags == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_NOSPEC)) {
			int has_sys_admin = 0;

			if (!lxc_list_empty(&conf->keepcaps))
				has_sys_admin = in_caplist(CAP_SYS_ADMIN, &conf->keepcaps);
			else
				has_sys_admin = !in_caplist(CAP_SYS_ADMIN, &conf->caps);

			if (cg_flags == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_NOSPEC)
				cg_flags = has_sys_admin ? LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_RW : LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MIXED;
			else
				cg_flags = has_sys_admin ? LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_RW : LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_MIXED;
		}

		if (flags & LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FORCE)
			cg_flags |= LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FORCE;

		if (!handler->cgroup_ops->mount(handler->cgroup_ops, handler, cg_flags))
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount \"/sys/fs/cgroup\"");
	}

	if (flags & LXC_AUTO_SHMOUNTS_MASK) {
		ret = add_shmount_to_list(conf);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to add shmount entry to container config");
	}

	return 0;
}

static int setup_utsname(struct utsname *utsname)
{
	int ret;

	if (!utsname)
		return 0;

	ret = sethostname(utsname->nodename, strlen(utsname->nodename));
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set the hostname to \"%s\"",
				       utsname->nodename);

	INFO("Set hostname to \"%s\"", utsname->nodename);

	return 0;
}

struct dev_symlinks {
	const char *oldpath;
	const char *name;
};

static const struct dev_symlinks dev_symlinks[] = {
	{ "/proc/self/fd",   "fd"     },
	{ "/proc/self/fd/0", "stdin"  },
	{ "/proc/self/fd/1", "stdout" },
	{ "/proc/self/fd/2", "stderr" },
};

static int lxc_setup_dev_symlinks(const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(dev_symlinks) / sizeof(dev_symlinks[0]); i++) {
		int ret;
		struct stat s;
		const struct dev_symlinks *d = &dev_symlinks[i];

		/*
		 * Stat the path first. If we don't get an error accept it as
		 * is and don't try to create it
		 */
		ret = fstatat(rootfs->dfd_dev, d->name, &s, 0);
		if (ret == 0)
			continue;

		ret = symlinkat(d->oldpath, rootfs->dfd_dev, d->name);
		if (ret) {
			switch (errno) {
			case EROFS:
				WARN("Failed to create \"%s\" on read-only filesystem", d->name);
				__fallthrough;
			case EEXIST:
				break;
			default:
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to create \"%s\"", d->name);
			}
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

/* Build a space-separate list of ptys to pass to systemd. */
static bool append_ttyname(char **pp, char *name)
{
	char *p;
	size_t size;

	if (!*pp) {
		*pp = malloc(strlen(name) + strlen("container_ttys=") + 1);
		if (!*pp)
			return false;

		sprintf(*pp, "container_ttys=%s", name);
		return true;
	}

	size = strlen(*pp) + strlen(name) + 2;
	p = realloc(*pp, size);
	if (!p)
		return false;

	*pp = p;
	(void)strlcat(p, " ", size);
	(void)strlcat(p, name, size);

	return true;
}

static int lxc_setup_ttys(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	int ret;
	struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs = &conf->rootfs;
	const struct lxc_tty_info *ttys = &conf->ttys;
	char *ttydir = ttys->dir;

	if (!conf->rootfs.path)
		return 0;

	for (int i = 0; i < ttys->max; i++) {
		__do_close int fd_to = -EBADF;
		struct lxc_terminal_info *tty = &ttys->tty[i];

		if (ttydir) {
			char *tty_name, *tty_path;

			ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf),
				       "/dev/%s/tty%d", ttydir, i + 1);
			if (ret < 0)
				return ret_errno(-EIO);

			tty_path = &rootfs->buf[STRLITERALLEN("/dev/")];
			tty_name = tty_path + strlen(ttydir) + 1;

			/* create bind-mount target */
			fd_to = open_at(rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_path,
					PROTECT_OPEN_W | O_CREAT,
					PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH, 0);
			if (fd_to < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
						       "Failed to create tty mount target %d(%s)",
						       rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_path);

			ret = unlinkat(rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_name, 0);
			if (ret < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
						       "Failed to unlink %d(%s)",
						       rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_name);

			if (can_use_mount_api()) {
				ret = fd_bind_mount(tty->pty, "",
						    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
						    PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV,
						    fd_to, "",
						    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
						    PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV, 0,
						    false);
			} else {
				ret = mount(tty->name, rootfs->buf, "none", MS_BIND, 0);
			}
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
						       "Failed to bind mount \"%s\" onto \"%s\"",
						       tty->name, rootfs->buf);
			DEBUG("Bind mounted \"%s\" onto \"%s\"", tty->name, rootfs->buf);

			ret = symlinkat(tty_path, rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_name);
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
						       "Failed to create symlink \"%d(%s)\" -> \"%d(%s)\"",
						       rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_name,
						       rootfs->dfd_dev, tty_path);
		} else {
			ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "tty%d", i + 1);
			if (ret < 0)
				return ret_errno(-EIO);

			/* If we populated /dev, then we need to create /dev/tty<idx>. */
			fd_to = open_at(rootfs->dfd_dev, rootfs->buf,
					PROTECT_OPEN_W | O_CREAT,
					PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH, 0);
			if (fd_to < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
						       "Failed to create tty mount target %d(%s)",
						       rootfs->dfd_dev, rootfs->buf);

			if (can_use_mount_api()) {
				ret = fd_bind_mount(tty->pty, "",
						    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
						    PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV,
						    fd_to, "",
						    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
						    PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH, 0,
						    false);
			} else {
				ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "/dev/tty%d", i + 1);
				if (ret < 0)
					return ret_errno(-EIO);

				ret = mount(tty->name, rootfs->buf, "none", MS_BIND, 0);
			}
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
						       "Failed to bind mount \"%s\" onto \"%s\"",
						       tty->name, rootfs->buf);
			DEBUG("Bind mounted \"%s\" onto \"%s\"", tty->name, rootfs->buf);
		}

		if (!append_ttyname(&conf->ttys.tty_names, tty->name))
			return log_error(-1, "Error setting up container_ttys string");
	}

	INFO("Finished setting up %zu /dev/tty<N> device(s)", ttys->max);
	return 0;
}

define_cleanup_function(struct lxc_tty_info *, lxc_delete_tty);

static int lxc_allocate_ttys(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	call_cleaner(lxc_delete_tty) struct lxc_tty_info *ttys = &conf->ttys;
	int ret;

	/* no tty in the configuration */
	if (ttys->max == 0)
		return 0;

	ttys->tty = zalloc(sizeof(struct lxc_terminal_info) * ttys->max);
	if (!ttys->tty)
		return -ENOMEM;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < conf->ttys.max; i++) {
		struct lxc_terminal_info *tty = &ttys->tty[i];

		tty->ptx = -EBADF;
		tty->pty = -EBADF;
		ret = openpty(&tty->ptx, &tty->pty, NULL, NULL, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			conf->ttys.max = i;
			return log_error_errno(-ENOTTY, ENOTTY, "Failed to create tty %zu", i);
		}

		ret = ttyname_r(tty->pty, tty->name, sizeof(tty->name));
		if (ret < 0) {
			conf->ttys.max = i;
			return log_error_errno(-ENOTTY, ENOTTY, "Failed to retrieve name of tty %zu pty", i);
		}

		DEBUG("Created tty with ptx fd %d and pty fd %d", tty->ptx, tty->pty);

		/* Prevent leaking the file descriptors to the container */
		ret = fd_cloexec(tty->ptx, true);
		if (ret < 0)
			SYSWARN("Failed to set FD_CLOEXEC flag on ptx fd %d of tty device \"%s\"",
				tty->ptx, tty->name);

		ret = fd_cloexec(tty->pty, true);
		if (ret < 0)
			SYSWARN("Failed to set FD_CLOEXEC flag on pty fd %d of tty device \"%s\"",
				tty->pty, tty->name);

		tty->busy = -1;
	}

	INFO("Finished creating %zu tty devices", ttys->max);
	move_ptr(ttys);
	return 0;
}

void lxc_delete_tty(struct lxc_tty_info *ttys)
{
	if (!ttys->tty)
		return;

	for (int i = 0; i < ttys->max; i++) {
		struct lxc_terminal_info *tty = &ttys->tty[i];
		close_prot_errno_disarm(tty->ptx);
		close_prot_errno_disarm(tty->pty);
	}

	free_disarm(ttys->tty);
}

static int lxc_send_ttys_to_parent(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	int i;
	int ret = -1;
	struct lxc_conf *conf = handler->conf;
	struct lxc_tty_info *ttys = &conf->ttys;
	int sock = handler->data_sock[0];

	if (ttys->max == 0)
		return 0;

	for (i = 0; i < ttys->max; i++) {
		int ttyfds[2];
		struct lxc_terminal_info *tty = &ttys->tty[i];

		ttyfds[0] = tty->ptx;
		ttyfds[1] = tty->pty;

		ret = lxc_abstract_unix_send_fds(sock, ttyfds, 2, NULL, 0);
		if (ret < 0)
			break;

		TRACE("Sent tty \"%s\" with ptx fd %d and pty fd %d to parent",
		      tty->name, tty->ptx, tty->pty);
	}

	if (ret < 0)
		SYSERROR("Failed to send %zu ttys to parent", ttys->max);
	else
		TRACE("Sent %zu ttys to parent", ttys->max);

	return ret;
}

static int lxc_create_ttys(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	int ret = -1;
	struct lxc_conf *conf = handler->conf;

	ret = lxc_allocate_ttys(conf);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to allocate ttys");
		goto on_error;
	}

	ret = lxc_send_ttys_to_parent(handler);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to send ttys to parent");
		goto on_error;
	}

	if (!conf->is_execute) {
		ret = lxc_setup_ttys(conf);
		if (ret < 0) {
			ERROR("Failed to setup ttys");
			goto on_error;
		}
	}

	if (conf->ttys.tty_names) {
		ret = setenv("container_ttys", conf->ttys.tty_names, 1);
		if (ret < 0)
			SYSERROR("Failed to set \"container_ttys=%s\"", conf->ttys.tty_names);
	}

	ret = 0;

on_error:
	lxc_delete_tty(&conf->ttys);

	return ret;
}

/* Just create a path for /dev under $lxcpath/$name and in rootfs If we hit an
 * error, log it but don't fail yet.
 */
static int mount_autodev(const char *name, const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
			 int autodevtmpfssize, const char *lxcpath)
{
	__do_close int fd_fs = -EBADF;
	const char *path = rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : NULL;
	size_t tmpfs_size = (autodevtmpfssize != 0) ? autodevtmpfssize : 500000;
	int ret;
	mode_t cur_mask;
        char mount_options[128];

	INFO("Preparing \"/dev\"");

	cur_mask = umask(S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH);
	ret = mkdirat(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "dev" , S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to create \"/dev\" directory");
		ret = -errno;
		goto reset_umask;
	}

	if (can_use_mount_api()) {
		fd_fs = fs_prepare("tmpfs", -EBADF, "", 0, 0);
		if (fd_fs < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to prepare filesystem context for tmpfs");

		sprintf(mount_options, "%zu", tmpfs_size);

		ret = fs_set_property(fd_fs, "mode", "0755");
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to mount tmpfs onto %d(dev)", fd_fs);

		ret = fs_set_property(fd_fs, "size", mount_options);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to mount tmpfs onto %d(dev)", fd_fs);

		ret = fs_attach(fd_fs, rootfs->dfd_mnt, "dev", PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY, PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH, 0);
	} else {
		__do_free char *fallback_path = NULL;

		sprintf(mount_options, "size=%zu,mode=755", tmpfs_size);
		DEBUG("Using mount options: %s", mount_options);

		if (path) {
			fallback_path = must_make_path(path, "/dev", NULL);
			ret = safe_mount("none", fallback_path, "tmpfs", 0, mount_options, path);
		} else {
			ret = safe_mount("none", "dev", "tmpfs", 0, mount_options, NULL);
		}
	}
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to mount tmpfs on \"%s\"", path);
		goto reset_umask;
	}


	/* If we are running on a devtmpfs mapping, dev/pts may already exist.
	 * If not, then create it and exit if that fails...
	 */
	ret = mkdirat(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "dev/pts", S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP | S_IROTH | S_IXOTH);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to create directory \"dev/pts\"");
		ret = -errno;
		goto reset_umask;
	}

	ret = 0;

reset_umask:
	(void)umask(cur_mask);

	INFO("Prepared \"/dev\"");
	return ret;
}

struct lxc_device_node {
	const char *name;
	const mode_t mode;
	const int maj;
	const int min;
};

static const struct lxc_device_node lxc_devices[] = {
	{ "full",    S_IFCHR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO, 1, 7 },
	{ "null",    S_IFCHR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO, 1, 3 },
	{ "random",  S_IFCHR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO, 1, 8 },
	{ "tty",     S_IFCHR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO, 5, 0 },
	{ "urandom", S_IFCHR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO, 1, 9 },
	{ "zero",    S_IFCHR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO, 1, 5 },
};


enum {
	LXC_DEVNODE_BIND,
	LXC_DEVNODE_MKNOD,
	LXC_DEVNODE_PARTIAL,
	LXC_DEVNODE_OPEN,
};

static int lxc_fill_autodev(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs)
{
	int i, ret;
	mode_t cmask;
	int use_mknod = LXC_DEVNODE_MKNOD;

	if (rootfs->dfd_dev < 0)
		return log_info(0, "No /dev directory found, skipping setup");

	INFO("Populating \"/dev\"");

	cmask = umask(S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH);
	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(lxc_devices) / sizeof(lxc_devices[0]); i++) {
		const struct lxc_device_node *device = &lxc_devices[i];

		if (use_mknod >= LXC_DEVNODE_MKNOD) {
			ret = mknodat(rootfs->dfd_dev, device->name, device->mode, makedev(device->maj, device->min));
			if (ret == 0 || (ret < 0 && errno == EEXIST)) {
				DEBUG("Created device node \"%s\"", device->name);
			} else if (ret < 0) {
				if (errno != EPERM)
					return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create device node \"%s\"", device->name);

				use_mknod = LXC_DEVNODE_BIND;
			}

			/* Device nodes are fully useable. */
			if (use_mknod == LXC_DEVNODE_OPEN)
				continue;

			if (use_mknod == LXC_DEVNODE_MKNOD) {
				__do_close int fd = -EBADF;
				/* See
				 * - https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=55956b59df336f6738da916dbb520b6e37df9fbd
				 * - https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/containers/2018-June/039176.html
				 */
				fd = open_at(rootfs->dfd_dev, device->name, PROTECT_OPEN, PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH, 0);
				if (fd >= 0) {
					/* Device nodes are fully useable. */
					use_mknod = LXC_DEVNODE_OPEN;
					continue;
				}

				SYSTRACE("Failed to open \"%s\" device", device->name);
				/* Device nodes are only partially useable. */
				use_mknod = LXC_DEVNODE_PARTIAL;
			}
		}

		if (use_mknod != LXC_DEVNODE_PARTIAL) {
			/* If we are dealing with partially functional device
			 * nodes the prio mknod() call will have created the
			 * device node so we can use it as a bind-mount target.
			 */
			ret = mknodat(rootfs->dfd_dev, device->name, S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
			if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create file \"%s\"", device->name);
		}

		/* Fallback to bind-mounting the device from the host. */
		ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "dev/%s", device->name);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret_errno(EIO);

		if (can_use_mount_api()) {
			ret = fd_bind_mount(rootfs->dfd_host, rootfs->buf,
					    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
					    PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV,
					    rootfs->dfd_dev, device->name,
					    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
					    PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH, 0, false);
		} else {
			char path[PATH_MAX];

			ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "/dev/%s", device->name);
			if (ret < 0)
				return ret_errno(EIO);

			ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/dev/%s", get_rootfs_mnt(rootfs), device->name);
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error(-1, "Failed to create device path for %s", device->name);

			ret = safe_mount(rootfs->buf, path, 0, MS_BIND, NULL, get_rootfs_mnt(rootfs));
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to bind mount host device node \"%s\" to \"%s\"", rootfs->buf, path);

			DEBUG("Bind mounted host device node \"%s\" to \"%s\"", rootfs->buf, path);
			continue;
		}
		DEBUG("Bind mounted host device %d(%s) to %d(%s)", rootfs->dfd_host, rootfs->buf, rootfs->dfd_dev, device->name);
	}
	(void)umask(cmask);

	INFO("Populated \"/dev\"");
	return 0;
}

static int lxc_mount_rootfs(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	int ret;
	struct lxc_storage *bdev;
	struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs = &conf->rootfs;

	if (!rootfs->path) {
		ret = mount("", "/", NULL, MS_SLAVE | MS_REC, 0);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to recursively turn root mount tree into dependent mount");

		rootfs->dfd_mnt = open_at(-EBADF, "/", PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY, PROTECT_LOOKUP_ABSOLUTE, 0);
		if (rootfs->dfd_mnt < 0)
			return -errno;

		return 0;
	}

	ret = access(rootfs->mount, F_OK);
	if (ret != 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to access to \"%s\". Check it is present",
				       rootfs->mount);

	bdev = storage_init(conf);
	if (!bdev)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to mount rootfs \"%s\" onto \"%s\" with options \"%s\"",
				 rootfs->path, rootfs->mount,
				 rootfs->options ? rootfs->options : "(null)");

	ret = bdev->ops->mount(bdev);
	storage_put(bdev);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to mount rootfs \"%s\" onto \"%s\" with options \"%s\"",
				 rootfs->path, rootfs->mount,
				 rootfs->options ? rootfs->options : "(null)");

	DEBUG("Mounted rootfs \"%s\" onto \"%s\" with options \"%s\"",
	      rootfs->path, rootfs->mount,
	      rootfs->options ? rootfs->options : "(null)");

	rootfs->dfd_mnt = open_at(-EBADF, rootfs->mount, PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY, PROTECT_LOOKUP_ABSOLUTE_XDEV, 0);
	if (rootfs->dfd_mnt < 0)
		return -errno;

	return 0;
}

static int lxc_chroot(const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs)
{
	__do_free char *nroot = NULL;
	int i, ret;
	char *root = rootfs->mount;

	nroot = realpath(root, NULL);
	if (!nroot)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to resolve \"%s\"", root);

	ret = chdir("/");
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	/* We could use here MS_MOVE, but in userns this mount is locked and
	 * can't be moved.
	 */
	ret = mount(nroot, "/", NULL, MS_REC | MS_BIND, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount \"%s\" onto \"/\" as MS_REC | MS_BIND", nroot);

	ret = mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to remount \"/\"");

	/* The following code cleans up inherited mounts which are not required
	 * for CT.
	 *
	 * The mountinfo file shows not all mounts, if a few points have been
	 * unmounted between read operations from the mountinfo. So we need to
	 * read mountinfo a few times.
	 *
	 * This loop can be skipped if a container uses userns, because all
	 * inherited mounts are locked and we should live with all this trash.
	 */
	for (;;) {
		__do_fclose FILE *f = NULL;
		__do_free char *line = NULL;
		char *slider1, *slider2;
		int progress = 0;
		size_t len = 0;

		f = fopen("./proc/self/mountinfo", "re");
		if (!f)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to open \"/proc/self/mountinfo\"");

		while (getline(&line, &len, f) > 0) {
			for (slider1 = line, i = 0; slider1 && i < 4; i++)
				slider1 = strchr(slider1 + 1, ' ');

			if (!slider1)
				continue;

			slider2 = strchr(slider1 + 1, ' ');
			if (!slider2)
				continue;

			*slider2 = '\0';
			*slider1 = '.';

			if (strequal(slider1 + 1, "/"))
				continue;

			if (strequal(slider1 + 1, "/proc"))
				continue;

			ret = umount2(slider1, MNT_DETACH);
			if (ret == 0)
				progress++;
		}

		if (!progress)
			break;
	}

	/* This also can be skipped if a container uses userns. */
	(void)umount2("./proc", MNT_DETACH);

	/* It is weird, but chdir("..") moves us in a new root */
	ret = chdir("..");
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to chdir(\"..\")");

	ret = chroot(".");
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to chroot(\".\")");

	return 0;
}

/* (The following explanation is copied verbatim from the kernel.)
 *
 * pivot_root Semantics:
 * Moves the root file system of the current process to the directory put_old,
 * makes new_root as the new root file system of the current process, and sets
 * root/cwd of all processes which had them on the current root to new_root.
 *
 * Restrictions:
 * The new_root and put_old must be directories, and  must not be on the
 * same file  system as the current process root. The put_old  must  be
 * underneath new_root,  i.e. adding a non-zero number of /.. to the string
 * pointed to by put_old must yield the same directory as new_root. No other
 * file system may be mounted on put_old. After all, new_root is a mountpoint.
 *
 * Also, the current root cannot be on the 'rootfs' (initial ramfs) filesystem.
 * See Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt for alternatives
 * in this situation.
 *
 * Notes:
 *  - we don't move root/cwd if they are not at the root (reason: if something
 *    cared enough to change them, it's probably wrong to force them elsewhere)
 *  - it's okay to pick a root that isn't the root of a file system, e.g.
 *    /nfs/my_root where /nfs is the mount point. It must be a mountpoint,
 *    though, so you may need to say mount --bind /nfs/my_root /nfs/my_root
 *    first.
 */
static int lxc_pivot_root(const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs)
{
	__do_close int fd_oldroot = -EBADF;
	int ret;

	fd_oldroot = open_at(-EBADF, "/", PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY, PROTECT_LOOKUP_ABSOLUTE, 0);
	if (fd_oldroot < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to open old root directory");

	/* change into new root fs */
	ret = fchdir(rootfs->dfd_mnt);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to change into new root directory \"%s\"", rootfs->mount);

	/* pivot_root into our new root fs */
	ret = pivot_root(".", ".");
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to pivot into new root directory \"%s\"", rootfs->mount);

	/* At this point the old-root is mounted on top of our new-root. To
	 * unmounted it we must not be chdir'd into it, so escape back to
	 * old-root.
	 */
	ret = fchdir(fd_oldroot);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to enter old root directory");

	/*
	 * Make fd_oldroot a depedent mount to make sure our umounts don't
	 * propagate to the host.
	 */
	ret = mount("", ".", "", MS_SLAVE | MS_REC, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to recursively turn old root mount tree into dependent mount");

	ret = umount2(".", MNT_DETACH);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to detach old root directory");

	ret = fchdir(rootfs->dfd_mnt);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to re-enter new root directory \"%s\"", rootfs->mount);

	TRACE("Changed into new rootfs \"%s\"", rootfs->mount);
	return 0;
}

static int lxc_setup_rootfs_switch_root(const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs)
{
	if (!rootfs->path)
		return log_debug(0, "Container does not have a rootfs");

	if (detect_ramfs_rootfs())
		return lxc_chroot(rootfs);

	return lxc_pivot_root(rootfs);
}

static const struct id_map *find_mapped_nsid_entry(const struct lxc_conf *conf,
						   unsigned id,
						   enum idtype idtype)
{
	struct lxc_list *it;
	struct id_map *map;
	struct id_map *retmap = NULL;

	/* Shortcut for container's root mappings. */
	if (id == 0) {
		if (idtype == ID_TYPE_UID)
			return conf->root_nsuid_map;

		if (idtype == ID_TYPE_GID)
			return conf->root_nsgid_map;
	}

	lxc_list_for_each(it, &conf->id_map) {
		map = it->elem;
		if (map->idtype != idtype)
			continue;

		if (id >= map->nsid && id < map->nsid + map->range) {
			retmap = map;
			break;
		}
	}

	return retmap;
}

int lxc_setup_devpts_parent(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	int ret;

	if (handler->conf->pty_max <= 0)
		return 0;

	ret = lxc_abstract_unix_recv_fds(handler->data_sock[1], &handler->conf->devpts_fd, 1,
					 &handler->conf->devpts_fd, sizeof(handler->conf->devpts_fd));
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to receive devpts fd from child");

	TRACE("Received devpts file descriptor %d from child", handler->conf->devpts_fd);
	return 0;
}

static int lxc_setup_devpts_child(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	__do_close int devpts_fd = -EBADF;
	int ret;
	char **opts;
	char devpts_mntopts[256];
	char *mntopt_sets[5];
	char default_devpts_mntopts[256] = "gid=5,newinstance,ptmxmode=0666,mode=0620";
	struct lxc_conf *conf = handler->conf;
	struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs = &conf->rootfs;
	int sock = handler->data_sock[0];

	if (conf->pty_max <= 0)
		return log_debug(0, "No new devpts instance will be mounted since no pts devices are requested");

	ret = strnprintf(devpts_mntopts, sizeof(devpts_mntopts), "%s,max=%zu",
		       default_devpts_mntopts, conf->pty_max);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	(void)umount2("/dev/pts", MNT_DETACH);

	/* Create mountpoint for devpts instance. */
	ret = mkdirat(rootfs->dfd_dev, "pts", 0755);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create \"/dev/pts\" directory");

	/* gid=5 && max= */
	mntopt_sets[0] = devpts_mntopts;

	/* !gid=5 && max= */
	mntopt_sets[1] = devpts_mntopts + STRLITERALLEN("gid=5") + 1;

	/* gid=5 && !max= */
	mntopt_sets[2] = default_devpts_mntopts;

	/* !gid=5 && !max= */
	mntopt_sets[3] = default_devpts_mntopts + STRLITERALLEN("gid=5") + 1;

	/* end */
	mntopt_sets[4] = NULL;

	for (ret = -1, opts = mntopt_sets; opts && *opts; opts++) {
		/* mount new devpts instance */
		ret = mount("devpts", "/dev/pts", "devpts", MS_NOSUID | MS_NOEXEC, *opts);
		if (ret == 0)
			break;
	}

	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount new devpts instance");
	DEBUG("Mount new devpts instance with options \"%s\"", *opts);

	devpts_fd = open_at(rootfs->dfd_dev, "pts", PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY, PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV, 0);
	if (devpts_fd < 0) {
		devpts_fd = -EBADF;
		TRACE("Failed to create detached devpts mount");
		ret = lxc_abstract_unix_send_fds(sock, NULL, 0, &devpts_fd, sizeof(int));
	} else {
		ret = lxc_abstract_unix_send_fds(sock, &devpts_fd, 1, NULL, 0);
	}
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to send devpts fd to parent");

	TRACE("Sent devpts file descriptor %d to parent", devpts_fd);

	/* Remove any pre-existing /dev/ptmx file. */
	ret = unlinkat(rootfs->dfd_dev, "ptmx", 0);
	if (ret < 0) {
		if (errno != ENOENT)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to remove existing \"/dev/ptmx\" file");
	} else {
		DEBUG("Removed existing \"/dev/ptmx\" file");
	}

	/* Create dummy /dev/ptmx file as bind mountpoint for /dev/pts/ptmx. */
	ret = mknodat(rootfs->dfd_dev, "ptmx", S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create dummy \"/dev/ptmx\" file as bind mount target");
	DEBUG("Created dummy \"/dev/ptmx\" file as bind mount target");

	/* Fallback option: create symlink /dev/ptmx -> /dev/pts/ptmx  */
	ret = mount("/dev/pts/ptmx", "/dev/ptmx", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
	if (!ret)
		return log_debug(0, "Bind mounted \"/dev/pts/ptmx\" to \"/dev/ptmx\"");
	else
		/* Fallthrough and try to create a symlink. */
		ERROR("Failed to bind mount \"/dev/pts/ptmx\" to \"/dev/ptmx\"");

	/* Remove the dummy /dev/ptmx file we created above. */
	ret = unlinkat(rootfs->dfd_dev, "ptmx", 0);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to remove existing \"/dev/ptmx\"");

	/* Fallback option: Create symlink /dev/ptmx -> /dev/pts/ptmx. */
	ret = symlinkat("/dev/pts/ptmx", rootfs->dfd_dev, "/dev/ptmx");
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create symlink from \"/dev/ptmx\" to \"/dev/pts/ptmx\"");

	DEBUG("Created symlink from \"/dev/ptmx\" to \"/dev/pts/ptmx\"");
	return 0;
}

static int setup_personality(int persona)
{
	int ret;

#if HAVE_SYS_PERSONALITY_H
	if (persona == -1)
		return 0;

	ret = personality(persona);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set personality to \"0x%x\"", persona);

	INFO("Set personality to \"0x%x\"", persona);
#endif

	return 0;
}

static inline bool wants_console(const struct lxc_terminal *terminal)
{
	return !terminal->path || !strequal(terminal->path, "none");
}

static int lxc_bind_mount_console(const struct lxc_terminal *console,
				  int dfd_to, const char *path_to)
{
	__do_close int fd_pty = -EBADF;

	if (is_empty_string(console->name))
		return ret_errno(EINVAL);

	/*
	 * When the pty fd stashed in console->pty has been retrieved via the
	 * TIOCGPTPEER ioctl() to avoid dangerous path-based lookups when
	 * allocating new pty devices we can't reopen it through openat2() or
	 * created a detached mount through open_tree() from it. This means we
	 * would need to mount using the path stased in console->name which is
	 * unsafe. We could be mounting a device that isn't identical to the
	 * one we've already safely opened and stashed in console->pty.
	 * So, what we do is we open an O_PATH file descriptor for
	 * console->name and verify that the opened fd and the fd we stashed in
	 * console->pty refer to the same device. If they do we can go on and
	 * created a detached mount based on the newly opened O_PATH file
	 * descriptor and then safely mount.
	 */
	fd_pty = open_at(-EBADF, console->name, PROTECT_OPATH_FILE,
			 PROTECT_LOOKUP_ABSOLUTE_XDEV, 0);
	if (fd_pty < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open \"%s\"", console->name);

	if (!same_file_lax(console->pty, fd_pty))
		return log_error_errno(-EINVAL, EINVAL, "Console file descriptor changed");

	/*
	 * Note, there are intentionally no open or lookup restrictions since
	 * we're operating directly on the fd.
	 */
	return fd_bind_mount(fd_pty, "", 0, 0,
			     dfd_to, path_to, PROTECT_OPATH_FILE, PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH,
			     0, false);
}

static int lxc_setup_dev_console(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
				 const struct lxc_terminal *console)
{
	int ret;
	char *rootfs_path = rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : "";

	/*
	 * When we are asked to setup a console we remove any previous
	 * /dev/console bind-mounts.
	 */
	if (exists_file_at(rootfs->dfd_dev, "console")) {
		ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/dev/console", rootfs_path);
		if (ret < 0)
			return -1;

		ret = lxc_unstack_mountpoint(rootfs->buf, false);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-ret, errno, "Failed to unmount \"%s\"", rootfs->buf);
		else
			DEBUG("Cleared all (%d) mounts from \"%s\"", ret, rootfs->buf);
	}

	/*
	 * For unprivileged containers autodev or automounts will already have
	 * taken care of creating /dev/console.
	 */
	ret = mknodat(rootfs->dfd_dev, "console", S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to create console");

	ret = fchmod(console->pty, S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to set mode \"0%o\" to \"%s\"", S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP, console->name);

	if (can_use_mount_api()) {
		ret = lxc_bind_mount_console(console, rootfs->dfd_dev, "console");
	} else {
		ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/dev/console", rootfs_path);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;

		ret = safe_mount(console->name, rootfs->buf, "none", MS_BIND, NULL, rootfs_path);
	}
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, errno, "Failed to mount %d(%s) on \"%s\"", console->pty, console->name, rootfs->buf);

	DEBUG("Mounted pty device %d(%s) onto \"%s\"", console->pty, console->name, rootfs->buf);
	return 0;
}

static int lxc_setup_ttydir_console(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
				    const struct lxc_terminal *console,
				    char *ttydir)
{
	int ret;
	char path[PATH_MAX], lxcpath[PATH_MAX];
	char *rootfs_path = rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : "";

	/* create rootfs/dev/<ttydir> directory */
	ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/dev/%s", rootfs_path, ttydir);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	ret = mkdir(path, 0755);
	if (ret && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to create \"%s\"", path);
 	DEBUG("Created directory for console and tty devices at \"%s\"", path);

	ret = strnprintf(lxcpath, sizeof(lxcpath), "%s/dev/%s/console", rootfs_path, ttydir);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	ret = mknod(lxcpath, S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to create \"%s\"", lxcpath);

	ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/dev/console", rootfs_path);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	if (file_exists(path)) {
		ret = lxc_unstack_mountpoint(path, false);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-ret, errno, "Failed to unmount \"%s\"", path);
		else
			DEBUG("Cleared all (%d) mounts from \"%s\"", ret, path);
	}

	ret = mknod(path, S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to create console");

	ret = fchmod(console->pty, S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to set mode \"0%o\" to \"%s\"", S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP, console->name);

	/* bind mount console->name to '/dev/<ttydir>/console' */
	if (can_use_mount_api()) {
		ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/console", ttydir);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;

		ret = lxc_bind_mount_console(console, rootfs->dfd_dev, rootfs->buf);
	} else {
		ret = safe_mount(console->name, lxcpath, "none", MS_BIND, 0, rootfs_path);
	}
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, errno, "Failed to mount %d(%s) on \"%s\"", console->pty, console->name, lxcpath);
	DEBUG("Mounted \"%s\" onto \"%s\"", console->name, lxcpath);

	/* bind mount '/dev/<ttydir>/console'  to '/dev/console'  */
	if (can_use_mount_api()) {
		ret = fd_bind_mount(rootfs->dfd_dev, rootfs->buf,
				    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE, PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV,
				    rootfs->dfd_dev, "console",
				    PROTECT_OPATH_FILE, PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH,
				    0, false);
	} else {
		ret = safe_mount(lxcpath, path, "none", MS_BIND, 0, rootfs_path);
	}
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount \"%s\" on \"%s\"", console->name, lxcpath);
	DEBUG("Mounted \"%s\" onto \"%s\"", lxcpath, path);

	DEBUG("Console has been setup under \"%s\" and mounted to \"%s\"", lxcpath, path);
	return 0;
}

static int lxc_setup_console(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
			     struct lxc_terminal *console, char *ttydir)
{
	int ret;

	if (!wants_console(console))
		return log_trace(0, "Skipping console setup");

	if (ttydir)
		ret = lxc_setup_ttydir_console(rootfs, console, ttydir);
	else
		ret = lxc_setup_dev_console(rootfs, console);
	close_prot_errno_disarm(console->pty);
	return ret;
}

static int parse_mntopt(char *opt, unsigned long *flags, char **data, size_t size)
{
	ssize_t ret;

	/* If '=' is contained in opt, the option must go into data. */
	if (!strchr(opt, '=')) {
		/*
		 * If opt is found in mount_opt, set or clear flags.
		 * Otherwise append it to data.
		 */
		size_t opt_len = strlen(opt);
		for (struct mount_opt *mo = &mount_opt[0]; mo->name != NULL; mo++) {
			size_t mo_name_len = strlen(mo->name);

			if (opt_len == mo_name_len && strnequal(opt, mo->name, mo_name_len)) {
				if (mo->clear)
					*flags &= ~mo->flag;
				else
					*flags |= mo->flag;
				return 0;
			}
		}
	}

	if (strlen(*data)) {
		ret = strlcat(*data, ",", size);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(ret, errno, "Failed to append \",\" to %s", *data);
	}

	ret = strlcat(*data, opt, size);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, errno, "Failed to append \"%s\" to %s", opt, *data);

	return 0;
}

int parse_mntopts(const char *mntopts, unsigned long *mntflags, char **mntdata)
{
	__do_free char *mntopts_new = NULL, *mntopts_dup = NULL;
	char *mntopt_cur = NULL;
	size_t size;

	if (*mntdata || *mntflags)
		return ret_errno(EINVAL);

	if (!mntopts)
		return 0;

	mntopts_dup = strdup(mntopts);
	if (!mntopts_dup)
		return ret_errno(ENOMEM);

	size = strlen(mntopts_dup) + 1;
	mntopts_new = zalloc(size);
	if (!mntopts_new)
		return ret_errno(ENOMEM);

	lxc_iterate_parts(mntopt_cur, mntopts_dup, ",")
		if (parse_mntopt(mntopt_cur, mntflags, &mntopts_new, size) < 0)
			return ret_errno(EINVAL);

	if (*mntopts_new)
		*mntdata = move_ptr(mntopts_new);

	return 0;
}

static void parse_propagationopt(char *opt, unsigned long *flags)
{
	struct mount_opt *mo;

	/* If opt is found in propagation_opt, set or clear flags. */
	for (mo = &propagation_opt[0]; mo->name != NULL; mo++) {
		if (!strnequal(opt, mo->name, strlen(mo->name)))
			continue;

		if (mo->clear)
			*flags &= ~mo->flag;
		else
			*flags |= mo->flag;

		return;
	}
}

int parse_propagationopts(const char *mntopts, unsigned long *pflags)
{
	__do_free char *s = NULL;
	char *p;

	if (!mntopts)
		return 0;

	s = strdup(mntopts);
	if (!s)
		return log_error_errno(-ENOMEM, errno, "Failed to allocate memory");

	*pflags = 0L;
	lxc_iterate_parts(p, s, ",")
		parse_propagationopt(p, pflags);

	return 0;
}

static void null_endofword(char *word)
{
	while (*word && *word != ' ' && *word != '\t')
		word++;
	*word = '\0';
}

/* skip @nfields spaces in @src */
static char *get_field(char *src, int nfields)
{
	int i;
	char *p = src;

	for (i = 0; i < nfields; i++) {
		while (*p && *p != ' ' && *p != '\t')
			p++;

		if (!*p)
			break;

		p++;
	}

	return p;
}

static int mount_entry(const char *fsname, const char *target,
		       const char *fstype, unsigned long mountflags,
		       unsigned long pflags, const char *data, bool optional,
		       bool dev, bool relative, const char *rootfs)
{
	int ret;
	char srcbuf[PATH_MAX];
	const char *srcpath = fsname;
#ifdef HAVE_STATVFS
	struct statvfs sb;
#endif

	if (relative) {
		ret = strnprintf(srcbuf, sizeof(srcbuf), "%s/%s", rootfs ? rootfs : "/", fsname ? fsname : "");
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "source path is too long");
		srcpath = srcbuf;
	}

	ret = safe_mount(srcpath, target, fstype, mountflags & ~MS_REMOUNT, data,
			 rootfs);
	if (ret < 0) {
		if (optional)
			return log_info_errno(0, errno, "Failed to mount \"%s\" on \"%s\" (optional)",
					      srcpath ? srcpath : "(null)", target);

		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount \"%s\" on \"%s\"",
				       srcpath ? srcpath : "(null)", target);
	}

	if ((mountflags & MS_REMOUNT) || (mountflags & MS_BIND)) {

		DEBUG("Remounting \"%s\" on \"%s\" to respect bind or remount options",
		      srcpath ? srcpath : "(none)", target ? target : "(none)");

#ifdef HAVE_STATVFS
		if (srcpath && statvfs(srcpath, &sb) == 0) {
			unsigned long required_flags = 0;

			if (sb.f_flag & MS_NOSUID)
				required_flags |= MS_NOSUID;

			if (sb.f_flag & MS_NODEV && !dev)
				required_flags |= MS_NODEV;

			if (sb.f_flag & MS_RDONLY)
				required_flags |= MS_RDONLY;

			if (sb.f_flag & MS_NOEXEC)
				required_flags |= MS_NOEXEC;

			DEBUG("Flags for \"%s\" were %lu, required extra flags are %lu",
			      srcpath, sb.f_flag, required_flags);

			/* If this was a bind mount request, and required_flags
			 * does not have any flags which are not already in
			 * mountflags, then skip the remount.
			 */
			if (!(mountflags & MS_REMOUNT) &&
			    (!(required_flags & ~mountflags) && !(mountflags & MS_RDONLY))) {
				DEBUG("Mountflags already were %lu, skipping remount", mountflags);
				goto skipremount;
			}

			mountflags |= required_flags;
		}
#endif

		ret = mount(srcpath, target, fstype, mountflags | MS_REMOUNT, data);
		if (ret < 0) {
			if (optional)
				return log_info_errno(0, errno, "Failed to mount \"%s\" on \"%s\" (optional)",
						      srcpath ? srcpath : "(null)",
						      target);

			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount \"%s\" on \"%s\"",
					       srcpath ? srcpath : "(null)",
					       target);
		}
	}

#ifdef HAVE_STATVFS
skipremount:
#endif
	if (pflags) {
		ret = mount(NULL, target, NULL, pflags, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			if (optional)
				return log_info_errno(0, errno, "Failed to change mount propagation for \"%s\" (optional)", target);
			else
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to change mount propagation for \"%s\" (optional)", target);
		}
		DEBUG("Changed mount propagation for \"%s\"", target);
	}

	DEBUG("Mounted \"%s\" on \"%s\" with filesystem type \"%s\"",
	      srcpath ? srcpath : "(null)", target, fstype);

	return 0;
}

/* Remove "optional", "create=dir", and "create=file" from mntopt */
static void cull_mntent_opt(struct mntent *mntent)
{
	int i;
	char *list[] = {
		"create=dir",
		"create=file",
		"optional",
		"relative",
		NULL
	};

	for (i = 0; list[i]; i++) {
		char *p, *p2;

		p = strstr(mntent->mnt_opts, list[i]);
		if (!p)
			continue;

		p2 = strchr(p, ',');
		if (!p2) {
			/* no more mntopts, so just chop it here */
			*p = '\0';
			continue;
		}

		memmove(p, p2 + 1, strlen(p2 + 1) + 1);
	}
}

static int mount_entry_create_dir_file(const struct mntent *mntent,
				       const char *path,
				       const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
				       const char *lxc_name, const char *lxc_path)
{
	__do_free char *p1 = NULL;
	int ret;
	char *p2;

	if (strnequal(mntent->mnt_type, "overlay", 7)) {
		ret = ovl_mkdir(mntent, rootfs, lxc_name, lxc_path);
		if (ret < 0)
			return -1;
	}

	if (hasmntopt(mntent, "create=dir")) {
		ret = mkdir_p(path, 0755);
		if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create directory \"%s\"", path);
	}

	if (!hasmntopt(mntent, "create=file"))
		return 0;

	ret = access(path, F_OK);
	if (ret == 0)
		return 0;

	p1 = strdup(path);
	if (!p1)
		return -1;

	p2 = dirname(p1);

	ret = mkdir_p(p2, 0755);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create directory \"%s\"", path);

	ret = mknod(path, S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
		return -errno;

	return 0;
}

/* rootfs, lxc_name, and lxc_path can be NULL when the container is created
 * without a rootfs. */
static inline int mount_entry_on_generic(struct mntent *mntent,
					 const char *path,
					 const struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
					 const char *lxc_name,
					 const char *lxc_path)
{
	__do_free char *mntdata = NULL;
	unsigned long mntflags = 0, pflags = 0;
	char *rootfs_path = NULL;
	int ret;
	bool dev, optional, relative;

	optional = hasmntopt(mntent, "optional") != NULL;
	dev = hasmntopt(mntent, "dev") != NULL;
	relative = hasmntopt(mntent, "relative") != NULL;

	if (rootfs && rootfs->path)
		rootfs_path = rootfs->mount;

	ret = mount_entry_create_dir_file(mntent, path, rootfs, lxc_name,
					  lxc_path);
	if (ret < 0) {
		if (optional)
			return 0;

		return -1;
	}
	cull_mntent_opt(mntent);

	ret = parse_propagationopts(mntent->mnt_opts, &pflags);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	ret = parse_mntopts(mntent->mnt_opts, &mntflags, &mntdata);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;

	ret = mount_entry(mntent->mnt_fsname, path, mntent->mnt_type, mntflags,
			  pflags, mntdata, optional, dev, relative, rootfs_path);

	return ret;
}

static inline int mount_entry_on_systemfs(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
					  struct mntent *mntent)
{
	int ret;

	/* For containers created without a rootfs all mounts are treated as
	 * absolute paths starting at / on the host.
	 */
	if (mntent->mnt_dir[0] != '/')
		ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "/%s", mntent->mnt_dir);
	else
		ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s", mntent->mnt_dir);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	return mount_entry_on_generic(mntent, rootfs->buf, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}

static int mount_entry_on_absolute_rootfs(struct mntent *mntent,
					  struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
					  const char *lxc_name,
					  const char *lxc_path)
{
	int offset;
	char *aux;
	const char *lxcpath;
	int ret = 0;

	lxcpath = lxc_global_config_value("lxc.lxcpath");
	if (!lxcpath)
		return -1;

	/* If rootfs->path is a blockdev path, allow container fstab to use
	 * <lxcpath>/<name>/rootfs" as the target prefix.
	 */
	ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/%s/rootfs", lxcpath, lxc_name);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto skipvarlib;

	aux = strstr(mntent->mnt_dir, rootfs->buf);
	if (aux) {
		offset = strlen(rootfs->buf);
		goto skipabs;
	}

skipvarlib:
	aux = strstr(mntent->mnt_dir, rootfs->path);
	if (!aux)
		return log_warn(ret, "Ignoring mount point \"%s\"", mntent->mnt_dir);
	offset = strlen(rootfs->path);

skipabs:
	ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/%s", rootfs->mount, aux + offset);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	return mount_entry_on_generic(mntent, rootfs->buf, rootfs, lxc_name, lxc_path);
}

static int mount_entry_on_relative_rootfs(struct mntent *mntent,
					  struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs,
					  const char *lxc_name,
					  const char *lxc_path)
{
	int ret;

	/* relative to root mount point */
	ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/%s", rootfs->mount, mntent->mnt_dir);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	return mount_entry_on_generic(mntent, rootfs->buf, rootfs, lxc_name, lxc_path);
}

static int mount_file_entries(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs, FILE *file,
			      const char *lxc_name, const char *lxc_path)
{
	char buf[PATH_MAX];
	struct mntent mntent;

	while (getmntent_r(file, &mntent, buf, sizeof(buf))) {
		int ret;

		if (!rootfs->path)
			ret = mount_entry_on_systemfs(rootfs, &mntent);
		else if (mntent.mnt_dir[0] != '/')
			ret = mount_entry_on_relative_rootfs(&mntent, rootfs,
							     lxc_name, lxc_path);
		else
			ret = mount_entry_on_absolute_rootfs(&mntent, rootfs,
							     lxc_name, lxc_path);
		if (ret < 0)
			return -1;
	}

	if (!feof(file) || ferror(file))
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to parse mount entries");

	return 0;
}

static inline void __auto_endmntent__(FILE **f)
{
	if (*f)
		endmntent(*f);
}

#define __do_endmntent __attribute__((__cleanup__(__auto_endmntent__)))

static int setup_mount_fstab(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs, const char *fstab,
			     const char *lxc_name, const char *lxc_path)
{
	__do_endmntent FILE *f = NULL;
	int ret;

	if (!fstab)
		return 0;

	f = setmntent(fstab, "re");
	if (!f)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to open \"%s\"", fstab);

	ret = mount_file_entries(rootfs, f, lxc_name, lxc_path);
	if (ret < 0)
		ERROR("Failed to set up mount entries");

	return ret;
}

/*
 * In order for nested containers to be able to mount /proc and /sys they need
 * to see a "pure" proc and sysfs mount points with nothing mounted on top
 * (like lxcfs).
 * For this we provide proc and sysfs in /dev/.lxc/{proc,sys} while using an
 * apparmor rule to deny access to them. This is mostly for convenience: The
 * container's root user can mount them anyway and thus has access to the two
 * file systems. But a non-root user in the container should not be allowed to
 * access them as a side effect without explicitly allowing it.
 */
static const char nesting_helpers[] =
"proc dev/.lxc/proc proc create=dir,optional 0 0\n"
"sys dev/.lxc/sys sysfs create=dir,optional 0 0\n";

FILE *make_anonymous_mount_file(struct lxc_list *mount,
				bool include_nesting_helpers)
{
	__do_close int fd = -EBADF;
	FILE *f;
	int ret;
	char *mount_entry;
	struct lxc_list *iterator;

	fd = memfd_create(".lxc_mount_file", MFD_CLOEXEC);
	if (fd < 0) {
		char template[] = P_tmpdir "/.lxc_mount_file_XXXXXX";

		if (errno != ENOSYS)
			return NULL;

		fd = lxc_make_tmpfile(template, true);
		if (fd < 0)
			return log_error_errno(NULL, errno, "Could not create temporary mount file");

		TRACE("Created temporary mount file");
	}

	lxc_list_for_each (iterator, mount) {
		size_t len;

		mount_entry = iterator->elem;
		len = strlen(mount_entry);

		ret = lxc_write_nointr(fd, mount_entry, len);
		if (ret != len)
			return NULL;

		ret = lxc_write_nointr(fd, "\n", 1);
		if (ret != 1)
			return NULL;
	}

	if (include_nesting_helpers) {
		ret = lxc_write_nointr(fd, nesting_helpers,
				       STRARRAYLEN(nesting_helpers));
		if (ret != STRARRAYLEN(nesting_helpers))
			return NULL;
	}

	ret = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
	if (ret < 0)
		return NULL;

	f = fdopen(fd, "re+");
	if (f)
		move_fd(fd); /* Transfer ownership of fd. */
	return f;
}

static int setup_mount_entries(const struct lxc_conf *conf,
			       struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs, struct lxc_list *mount,
			       const char *lxc_name, const char *lxc_path)
{
	__do_fclose FILE *f = NULL;

	f = make_anonymous_mount_file(mount, conf->lsm_aa_allow_nesting);
	if (!f)
		return -1;

	return mount_file_entries(rootfs, f, lxc_name, lxc_path);
}

static int parse_cap(const char *cap)
{
	size_t i;
	int capid = -1;
	size_t end = sizeof(caps_opt) / sizeof(caps_opt[0]);
	char *ptr = NULL;

	if (strequal(cap, "none"))
		return -2;

	for (i = 0; i < end; i++) {
		if (!strequal(cap, caps_opt[i].name))
			continue;

		capid = caps_opt[i].value;
		break;
	}

	if (capid < 0) {
		/* Try to see if it's numeric, so the user may specify
		 * capabilities that the running kernel knows about but we
		 * don't
		 */
		errno = 0;
		capid = strtol(cap, &ptr, 10);
		if (!ptr || *ptr != '\0' || errno != 0)
			/* not a valid number */
			capid = -1;
		else if (capid > lxc_caps_last_cap())
			/* we have a number but it's not a valid
			 * capability */
			capid = -1;
	}

	return capid;
}

int in_caplist(int cap, struct lxc_list *caps)
{
	int capid;
	struct lxc_list *iterator;

	lxc_list_for_each (iterator, caps) {
		capid = parse_cap(iterator->elem);
		if (capid == cap)
			return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int setup_caps(struct lxc_list *caps)
{
	int capid;
	char *drop_entry;
	struct lxc_list *iterator;

	lxc_list_for_each (iterator, caps) {
		int ret;

		drop_entry = iterator->elem;

		capid = parse_cap(drop_entry);
		if (capid < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "unknown capability %s", drop_entry);

		ret = prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP, prctl_arg(capid), prctl_arg(0),
			    prctl_arg(0), prctl_arg(0));
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to remove %s capability", drop_entry);
		DEBUG("Dropped %s (%d) capability", drop_entry, capid);
	}

	DEBUG("Capabilities have been setup");
	return 0;
}

static int dropcaps_except(struct lxc_list *caps)
{
	__do_free int *caplist = NULL;
	int i, capid, numcaps;
	char *keep_entry;
	struct lxc_list *iterator;

	numcaps = lxc_caps_last_cap() + 1;
	if (numcaps <= 0 || numcaps > 200)
		return -1;
	TRACE("Found %d capabilities", numcaps);

	/* caplist[i] is 1 if we keep capability i */
	caplist = must_realloc(NULL, numcaps * sizeof(int));
	memset(caplist, 0, numcaps * sizeof(int));

	lxc_list_for_each (iterator, caps) {
		keep_entry = iterator->elem;

		capid = parse_cap(keep_entry);
		if (capid == -2)
			continue;

		if (capid < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Unknown capability %s", keep_entry);

		DEBUG("Keep capability %s (%d)", keep_entry, capid);
		caplist[capid] = 1;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < numcaps; i++) {
		int ret;

		if (caplist[i])
			continue;

		ret = prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP, prctl_arg(i), prctl_arg(0),
			    prctl_arg(0), prctl_arg(0));
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to remove capability %d", i);
	}

	DEBUG("Capabilities have been setup");
	return 0;
}

static int parse_resource(const char *res)
{
	int ret;
	size_t i;
	int resid = -1;

	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(limit_opt) / sizeof(limit_opt[0]); ++i)
		if (strequal(res, limit_opt[i].name))
			return limit_opt[i].value;

	/* Try to see if it's numeric, so the user may specify
	 * resources that the running kernel knows about but
	 * we don't.
	 */
	ret = lxc_safe_int(res, &resid);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	return resid;
}

int setup_resource_limits(struct lxc_list *limits, pid_t pid)
{
	int resid;
	struct lxc_list *it;
	struct lxc_limit *lim;

	lxc_list_for_each (it, limits) {
		lim = it->elem;

		resid = parse_resource(lim->resource);
		if (resid < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Unknown resource %s", lim->resource);

#if HAVE_PRLIMIT || HAVE_PRLIMIT64
		if (prlimit(pid, resid, &lim->limit, NULL) != 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set limit %s", lim->resource);

		TRACE("Setup \"%s\" limit", lim->resource);
#else
		return log_error(-1, "Cannot set limit \"%s\" as prlimit is missing", lim->resource);
#endif
	}

	return 0;
}

int setup_sysctl_parameters(struct lxc_list *sysctls)
{
	__do_free char *tmp = NULL;
	struct lxc_list *it;
	struct lxc_sysctl *elem;
	int ret = 0;
	char filename[PATH_MAX] = {0};

	lxc_list_for_each (it, sysctls) {
		elem = it->elem;
		tmp = lxc_string_replace(".", "/", elem->key);
		if (!tmp)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to replace key %s", elem->key);

		ret = strnprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "/proc/sys/%s", tmp);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Error setting up sysctl parameters path");

		ret = lxc_write_to_file(filename, elem->value,
					strlen(elem->value), false, 0666);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to setup sysctl parameters %s to %s",
					       elem->key, elem->value);
	}

	return 0;
}

int setup_proc_filesystem(struct lxc_list *procs, pid_t pid)
{
	__do_free char *tmp = NULL;
	struct lxc_list *it;
	struct lxc_proc *elem;
	int ret = 0;
	char filename[PATH_MAX] = {0};

	lxc_list_for_each (it, procs) {
		elem = it->elem;
		tmp = lxc_string_replace(".", "/", elem->filename);
		if (!tmp)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to replace key %s", elem->filename);

		ret = strnprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "/proc/%d/%s", pid, tmp);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Error setting up proc filesystem path");

		ret = lxc_write_to_file(filename, elem->value,
					strlen(elem->value), false, 0666);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to setup proc filesystem %s to %s", elem->filename, elem->value);
	}

	return 0;
}

static char *default_rootfs_mount = LXCROOTFSMOUNT;

struct lxc_conf *lxc_conf_init(void)
{
	int i;
	struct lxc_conf *new;

	new = malloc(sizeof(*new));
	if (!new)
		return NULL;
	memset(new, 0, sizeof(*new));

	new->loglevel = LXC_LOG_LEVEL_NOTSET;
	new->personality = -1;
	new->autodev = 1;
	new->console.buffer_size = 0;
	new->console.log_path = NULL;
	new->console.log_fd = -1;
	new->console.log_size = 0;
	new->console.path = NULL;
	new->console.peer = -1;
	new->console.proxy.busy = -1;
	new->console.proxy.ptx = -1;
	new->console.proxy.pty = -1;
	new->console.ptx = -1;
	new->console.pty = -1;
	new->console.name[0] = '\0';
	memset(&new->console.ringbuf, 0, sizeof(struct lxc_ringbuf));
	new->maincmd_fd = -1;
	new->monitor_signal_pdeath = SIGKILL;
	new->nbd_idx = -1;
	new->rootfs.mount = strdup(default_rootfs_mount);
	if (!new->rootfs.mount) {
		free(new);
		return NULL;
	}
	new->rootfs.managed = true;
	new->rootfs.dfd_mnt = -EBADF;
	new->rootfs.dfd_dev = -EBADF;
	new->rootfs.dfd_host = -EBADF;
	new->rootfs.fd_path_pin = -EBADF;
	new->logfd = -1;
	lxc_list_init(&new->cgroup);
	lxc_list_init(&new->cgroup2);
	lxc_list_init(&new->devices);
	lxc_list_init(&new->network);
	lxc_list_init(&new->mount_list);
	lxc_list_init(&new->caps);
	lxc_list_init(&new->keepcaps);
	lxc_list_init(&new->id_map);
	new->root_nsuid_map = NULL;
	new->root_nsgid_map = NULL;
	lxc_list_init(&new->includes);
	lxc_list_init(&new->aliens);
	lxc_list_init(&new->environment);
	lxc_list_init(&new->limits);
	lxc_list_init(&new->sysctls);
	lxc_list_init(&new->procs);
	new->hooks_version = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < NUM_LXC_HOOKS; i++)
		lxc_list_init(&new->hooks[i]);
	lxc_list_init(&new->groups);
	lxc_list_init(&new->state_clients);
	new->lsm_aa_profile = NULL;
	lxc_list_init(&new->lsm_aa_raw);
	new->lsm_se_context = NULL;
	new->lsm_se_keyring_context = NULL;
	new->keyring_disable_session = false;
	new->transient_procfs_mnt = false;
	new->shmount.path_host = NULL;
	new->shmount.path_cont = NULL;

	/* if running in a new user namespace, init and COMMAND
	 * default to running as UID/GID 0 when using lxc-execute */
	new->init_uid = 0;
	new->init_gid = 0;
	memset(&new->init_groups, 0, sizeof(lxc_groups_t));
	memset(&new->cgroup_meta, 0, sizeof(struct lxc_cgroup));
	memset(&new->ns_share, 0, sizeof(char *) * LXC_NS_MAX);
	seccomp_conf_init(new);

	return new;
}

int write_id_mapping(enum idtype idtype, pid_t pid, const char *buf,
		     size_t buf_size)
{
	__do_close int fd = -EBADF;
	int ret;
	char path[PATH_MAX];

	if (geteuid() != 0 && idtype == ID_TYPE_GID) {
		__do_close int setgroups_fd = -EBADF;

		ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%d/setgroups", pid);
		if (ret < 0)
			return -E2BIG;

		setgroups_fd = open(path, O_WRONLY);
		if (setgroups_fd < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to open \"%s\"", path);

		if (setgroups_fd >= 0) {
			ret = lxc_write_nointr(setgroups_fd, "deny\n",
					       STRLITERALLEN("deny\n"));
			if (ret != STRLITERALLEN("deny\n"))
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to write \"deny\" to \"/proc/%d/setgroups\"", pid);
			TRACE("Wrote \"deny\" to \"/proc/%d/setgroups\"", pid);
		}
	}

	ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%d/%cid_map", pid,
		       idtype == ID_TYPE_UID ? 'u' : 'g');
	if (ret < 0)
		return -E2BIG;

	fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
	if (fd < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to open \"%s\"", path);

	ret = lxc_write_nointr(fd, buf, buf_size);
	if (ret != buf_size)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to write %cid mapping to \"%s\"",
				       idtype == ID_TYPE_UID ? 'u' : 'g', path);

	return 0;
}

/* Check whether a binary exist and has either CAP_SETUID, CAP_SETGID or both.
 *
 * @return  1      if functional binary was found
 * @return  0      if binary exists but is lacking privilege
 * @return -ENOENT if binary does not exist
 * @return -EINVAL if cap to check is neither CAP_SETUID nor CAP_SETGID
 */
static int idmaptool_on_path_and_privileged(const char *binary, cap_value_t cap)
{
	__do_free char *path = NULL;
	int ret;
	struct stat st;

	errno = EINVAL;
	if (cap != CAP_SETUID && cap != CAP_SETGID)
		return -1;

	errno = ENOENT;
	path = on_path(binary, NULL);
	if (!path)
		return -1;

	ret = stat(path, &st);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	/* Check if the binary is setuid. */
	if (st.st_mode & S_ISUID)
		return log_debug(1, "The binary \"%s\" does have the setuid bit set", path);

#if HAVE_LIBCAP && LIBCAP_SUPPORTS_FILE_CAPABILITIES
	/* Check if it has the CAP_SETUID capability. */
	if ((cap & CAP_SETUID) &&
	    lxc_file_cap_is_set(path, CAP_SETUID, CAP_EFFECTIVE) &&
	    lxc_file_cap_is_set(path, CAP_SETUID, CAP_PERMITTED))
		return log_debug(1, "The binary \"%s\" has CAP_SETUID in its CAP_EFFECTIVE and CAP_PERMITTED sets", path);

	/* Check if it has the CAP_SETGID capability. */
	if ((cap & CAP_SETGID) &&
	    lxc_file_cap_is_set(path, CAP_SETGID, CAP_EFFECTIVE) &&
	    lxc_file_cap_is_set(path, CAP_SETGID, CAP_PERMITTED))
		return log_debug(1, "The binary \"%s\" has CAP_SETGID in its CAP_EFFECTIVE and CAP_PERMITTED sets", path);
#else
	/* If we cannot check for file capabilities we need to give the benefit
	 * of the doubt. Otherwise we might fail even though all the necessary
	 * file capabilities are set.
	 */
	DEBUG("Cannot check for file capabilities as full capability support is missing. Manual intervention needed");
#endif

	return 1;
}

static int lxc_map_ids_exec_wrapper(void *args)
{
	execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", (char *)args, (char *)NULL);
	return -1;
}

int lxc_map_ids(struct lxc_list *idmap, pid_t pid)
{
	int fill, left;
	char u_or_g;
	char *pos;
	char cmd_output[PATH_MAX];
	struct id_map *map;
	struct lxc_list *iterator;
	enum idtype type;
	int ret = 0, gidmap = 0, uidmap = 0;
	char mapbuf[STRLITERALLEN("new@idmap") + STRLITERALLEN(" ") +
		    INTTYPE_TO_STRLEN(pid_t) + STRLITERALLEN(" ") +
		    LXC_IDMAPLEN] = {0};
	bool had_entry = false, use_shadow = false;
	int hostuid, hostgid;

	hostuid = geteuid();
	hostgid = getegid();

	/* If new{g,u}idmap exists, that is, if shadow is handing out subuid
	 * ranges, then insist that root also reserve ranges in subuid. This
	 * will protected it by preventing another user from being handed the
	 * range by shadow.
	 */
	uidmap = idmaptool_on_path_and_privileged("newuidmap", CAP_SETUID);
	if (uidmap == -ENOENT)
		WARN("newuidmap binary is missing");
	else if (!uidmap)
		WARN("newuidmap is lacking necessary privileges");

	gidmap = idmaptool_on_path_and_privileged("newgidmap", CAP_SETGID);
	if (gidmap == -ENOENT)
		WARN("newgidmap binary is missing");
	else if (!gidmap)
		WARN("newgidmap is lacking necessary privileges");

	if (uidmap > 0 && gidmap > 0) {
		DEBUG("Functional newuidmap and newgidmap binary found");
		use_shadow = true;
	} else {
		/* In case unprivileged users run application containers via
		 * execute() or a start*() there are valid cases where they may
		 * only want to map their own {g,u}id. Let's not block them from
		 * doing so by requiring geteuid() == 0.
		 */
		DEBUG("No newuidmap and newgidmap binary found. Trying to "
		      "write directly with euid %d", hostuid);
	}

	/* Check if we really need to use newuidmap and newgidmap.
	* If the user is only remapping his own {g,u}id, we don't need it.
	*/
	if (use_shadow && lxc_list_len(idmap) == 2) {
		use_shadow = false;
		lxc_list_for_each(iterator, idmap) {
			map = iterator->elem;
			if (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID && map->range == 1 &&
			    map->nsid == hostuid && map->hostid == hostuid)
				continue;
			if (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_GID && map->range == 1 &&
			    map->nsid == hostgid && map->hostid == hostgid)
				continue;
			use_shadow = true;
			break;
		}
	}

	for (type = ID_TYPE_UID, u_or_g = 'u'; type <= ID_TYPE_GID;
	     type++, u_or_g = 'g') {
		pos = mapbuf;

		if (use_shadow)
			pos += sprintf(mapbuf, "new%cidmap %d", u_or_g, pid);

		lxc_list_for_each(iterator, idmap) {
			map = iterator->elem;
			if (map->idtype != type)
				continue;

			had_entry = true;

			left = LXC_IDMAPLEN - (pos - mapbuf);
			fill = strnprintf(pos, left, "%s%lu %lu %lu%s",
					use_shadow ? " " : "", map->nsid,
					map->hostid, map->range,
					use_shadow ? "" : "\n");
			/*
			 * The kernel only takes <= 4k for writes to
			 * /proc/<pid>/{g,u}id_map
			 */
			if (fill <= 0)
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Too many %cid mappings defined", u_or_g);

			pos += fill;
		}
		if (!had_entry)
			continue;

		/* Try to catch the output of new{g,u}idmap to make debugging
		 * easier.
		 */
		if (use_shadow) {
			ret = run_command(cmd_output, sizeof(cmd_output),
					  lxc_map_ids_exec_wrapper,
					  (void *)mapbuf);
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error(-1, "new%cidmap failed to write mapping \"%s\": %s", u_or_g, cmd_output, mapbuf);
			TRACE("new%cidmap wrote mapping \"%s\"", u_or_g, mapbuf);
		} else {
			ret = write_id_mapping(type, pid, mapbuf, pos - mapbuf);
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error(-1, "Failed to write mapping: %s", mapbuf);
			TRACE("Wrote mapping \"%s\"", mapbuf);
		}

		memset(mapbuf, 0, sizeof(mapbuf));
	}

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Return the host uid/gid to which the container root is mapped in val.
 * Return true if id was found, false otherwise.
 */
static id_t get_mapped_rootid(const struct lxc_conf *conf, enum idtype idtype)
{
	unsigned nsid;
	struct id_map *map;
	struct lxc_list *it;

	if (idtype == ID_TYPE_UID)
		nsid = (conf->root_nsuid_map != NULL) ? 0 : conf->init_uid;
	else
		nsid = (conf->root_nsgid_map != NULL) ? 0 : conf->init_gid;

	lxc_list_for_each (it, &conf->id_map) {
		map = it->elem;
		if (map->idtype != idtype)
			continue;
		if (map->nsid != nsid)
			continue;
		return map->hostid;
	}

	if (idtype == ID_TYPE_UID)
		return LXC_INVALID_UID;

	return LXC_INVALID_GID;
}

int mapped_hostid(unsigned id, const struct lxc_conf *conf, enum idtype idtype)
{
	struct id_map *map;
	struct lxc_list *it;

	lxc_list_for_each (it, &conf->id_map) {
		map = it->elem;
		if (map->idtype != idtype)
			continue;

		if (id >= map->hostid && id < map->hostid + map->range)
			return (id - map->hostid) + map->nsid;
	}

	return -1;
}

int find_unmapped_nsid(const struct lxc_conf *conf, enum idtype idtype)
{
	struct id_map *map;
	struct lxc_list *it;
	unsigned int freeid = 0;

again:
	lxc_list_for_each (it, &conf->id_map) {
		map = it->elem;
		if (map->idtype != idtype)
			continue;

		if (freeid >= map->nsid && freeid < map->nsid + map->range) {
			freeid = map->nsid + map->range;
			goto again;
		}
	}

	return freeid;
}

/*
 * Mount a proc under @rootfs if proc self points to a pid other than
 * my own.  This is needed to have a known-good proc mount for setting
 * up LSMs both at container startup and attach.
 *
 * NOTE: not to be called from inside the container namespace!
 */
static int lxc_transient_proc(struct lxc_rootfs *rootfs)
{
	__do_close int fd_proc = -EBADF;
	int link_to_pid, link_len, pid_self, ret;
	char link[INTTYPE_TO_STRLEN(pid_t) + 1];

	link_len = readlinkat(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "proc/self", link, sizeof(link));
	if (link_len < 0) {
		ret = mkdirat(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "proc", 0000);
		if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to create %d(proc)", rootfs->dfd_mnt);

		goto domount;
	} else if (link_len >= sizeof(link)) {
		return log_error_errno(-EIO, EIO, "Truncated link target");
	}
	link[link_len] = '\0';

	pid_self = lxc_raw_getpid();
	INFO("Caller's PID is %d; /proc/self points to %s", pid_self, link);

	ret = lxc_safe_int(link, &link_to_pid);
	if (ret)
		return log_error_errno(-ret, ret, "Failed to parse %s", link);

	/* Correct procfs is already mounted. */
	if (link_to_pid == pid_self)
		return log_trace(0, "Correct procfs instance mounted");

	fd_proc = open_at(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "proc", PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY,
			  PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV, 0);
	if (fd_proc < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open transient procfs mountpoint");

	ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd_proc);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret_errno(EIO);

	ret = umount2(rootfs->buf, MNT_DETACH);
	if (ret < 0)
		SYSWARN("Failed to umount \"%s\" with MNT_DETACH", rootfs->buf);

domount:
	/* rootfs is NULL */
	if (!rootfs->path) {
		ret = mount("proc", rootfs->buf, "proc", 0, NULL);
	} else {
		ret = safe_mount_beneath_at(rootfs->dfd_mnt, "none", "proc", "proc", 0, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			ret = strnprintf(rootfs->buf, sizeof(rootfs->buf), "%s/proc", rootfs->path ? rootfs->mount : "");
			if (ret < 0)
				return ret_errno(EIO);

			ret = safe_mount("proc", rootfs->buf, "proc", 0, NULL, rootfs->mount);
		}
	}
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to mount temporary procfs");

	INFO("Created transient procfs mount");
	return 1;
}

/* NOTE: Must not be called from inside the container namespace! */
static int lxc_create_tmp_proc_mount(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	int mounted;

	mounted = lxc_transient_proc(&conf->rootfs);
	if (mounted == -1) {
		/* continue only if there is no rootfs */
		if (conf->rootfs.path)
			return log_error_errno(-EPERM, EPERM, "Failed to create transient procfs mount");
	} else if (mounted == 1) {
		conf->transient_procfs_mnt = true;
	}

	return 0;
}

void tmp_proc_unmount(struct lxc_conf *lxc_conf)
{
	if (lxc_conf->transient_procfs_mnt) {
		(void)umount2("/proc", MNT_DETACH);
		lxc_conf->transient_procfs_mnt = false;
	}
}

/* Walk /proc/mounts and change any shared entries to dependent mounts. */
void turn_into_dependent_mounts(void)
{
	__do_free char *line = NULL;
	__do_fclose FILE *f = NULL;
	__do_close int memfd = -EBADF, mntinfo_fd = -EBADF;
	size_t len = 0;
	ssize_t copied;
	int ret;

	mntinfo_fd = open("/proc/self/mountinfo", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
	if (mntinfo_fd < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to open \"/proc/self/mountinfo\"");
		return;
	}

	memfd = memfd_create(".lxc_mountinfo", MFD_CLOEXEC);
	if (memfd < 0) {
		char template[] = P_tmpdir "/.lxc_mountinfo_XXXXXX";

		if (errno != ENOSYS) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to create temporary in-memory file");
			return;
		}

		memfd = lxc_make_tmpfile(template, true);
		if (memfd < 0) {
			WARN("Failed to create temporary file");
			return;
		}
	}

	copied = fd_to_fd(mntinfo_fd, memfd);
	if (copied < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to copy \"/proc/self/mountinfo\"");
		return;
	}

	ret = lseek(memfd, 0, SEEK_SET);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to reset file descriptor offset");
		return;
	}

	f = fdopen(memfd, "re");
	if (!f) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to open copy of \"/proc/self/mountinfo\" to mark all shared. Continuing");
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * After a successful fdopen() memfd will be closed when calling
	 * fclose(f). Calling close(memfd) afterwards is undefined.
	 */
	move_fd(memfd);

	while (getline(&line, &len, f) != -1) {
		char *opts, *target;

		target = get_field(line, 4);
		if (!target)
			continue;

		opts = get_field(target, 2);
		if (!opts)
			continue;

		null_endofword(opts);
		if (!strstr(opts, "shared"))
			continue;

		null_endofword(target);
		ret = mount(NULL, target, NULL, MS_SLAVE, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to recursively turn old root mount tree into dependent mount. Continuing...");
			continue;
		}
		TRACE("Recursively turned old root mount tree into dependent mount");
	}
	TRACE("Turned all mount table entries into dependent mount");
}

static int lxc_execute_bind_init(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	int ret;
	char *p;
	char path[PATH_MAX], destpath[PATH_MAX];
	struct lxc_conf *conf = handler->conf;

	/* If init exists in the container, don't bind mount a static one */
	p = choose_init(conf->rootfs.mount);
	if (p) {
		__do_free char *old = p;

		p = strdup(old + strlen(conf->rootfs.mount));
		if (!p)
			return -ENOMEM;

		INFO("Found existing init at \"%s\"", p);
		goto out;
	}

	ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), SBINDIR "/init.lxc.static");
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	if (!file_exists(path))
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "The file \"%s\" does not exist on host", path);

	ret = strnprintf(destpath, sizeof(path), "%s" P_tmpdir "%s", conf->rootfs.mount, "/.lxc-init");
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	if (!file_exists(destpath)) {
		ret = mknod(destpath, S_IFREG | 0000, 0);
		if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
			return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to create dummy \"%s\" file as bind mount target", destpath);
	}

	ret = safe_mount(path, destpath, "none", MS_BIND, NULL, conf->rootfs.mount);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to bind mount lxc.init.static into container");

	p = strdup(destpath + strlen(conf->rootfs.mount));
	if (!p)
		return -ENOMEM;

	INFO("Bind mounted lxc.init.static into container at \"%s\"", path);
out:
	((struct execute_args *)handler->data)->init_fd = -1;
	((struct execute_args *)handler->data)->init_path = p;
	return 0;
}

/* This does the work of remounting / if it is shared, calling the container
 * pre-mount hooks, and mounting the rootfs.
 */
int lxc_setup_rootfs_prepare_root(struct lxc_conf *conf, const char *name,
				  const char *lxcpath)
{
	int ret;

	conf->rootfs.dfd_host = open_at(-EBADF, "/", PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY, PROTECT_LOOKUP_ABSOLUTE, 0);
	if (conf->rootfs.dfd_host < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open \"/\"");

	if (conf->rootfs_setup) {
		const char *path = conf->rootfs.mount;

		/* The rootfs was set up in another namespace. bind-mount it to
		 * give us a mount in our own ns so we can pivot_root to it
		 */
		ret = mount(path, path, "rootfs", MS_BIND, NULL);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to bind mount container / onto itself");

		conf->rootfs.dfd_mnt = openat(-EBADF, path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_DIRECTORY | O_PATH | O_NOCTTY);
		if (conf->rootfs.dfd_mnt < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open file descriptor for container rootfs");

		return log_trace(0, "Bind mounted container / onto itself");
	}

	turn_into_dependent_mounts();

	ret = run_lxc_hooks(name, "pre-mount", conf, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to run pre-mount hooks");

	ret = lxc_mount_rootfs(conf);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup rootfs for");

	conf->rootfs_setup = true;
	return 0;
}

static bool verify_start_hooks(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	char path[PATH_MAX];
	struct lxc_list *it;

	lxc_list_for_each (it, &conf->hooks[LXCHOOK_START]) {
		int ret;
		char *hookname = it->elem;

		ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s%s",
			       conf->rootfs.path ? conf->rootfs.mount : "",
			       hookname);
		if (ret < 0)
			return false;

		ret = access(path, X_OK);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(false, errno, "Start hook \"%s\" not found in container", hookname);

		return true;
	}

	return true;
}

static bool execveat_supported(void)
{
	execveat(-1, "", NULL, NULL, AT_EMPTY_PATH);
	if (errno == ENOSYS)
		return false;

	return true;
}

static int lxc_setup_boot_id(void)
{
	int ret;
	const char *boot_id_path = "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id";
	const char *mock_boot_id_path = "/dev/.lxc-boot-id";
	lxc_id128_t n;

	if (access(boot_id_path, F_OK))
		return 0;

	memset(&n, 0, sizeof(n));
	if (lxc_id128_randomize(&n)) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to generate random data for uuid");
		return -1;
	}

	ret = lxc_id128_write(mock_boot_id_path, n);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to write uuid to %s", mock_boot_id_path);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = chmod(mock_boot_id_path, 0444);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to chown %s", mock_boot_id_path);
		(void)unlink(mock_boot_id_path);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = mount(mock_boot_id_path, boot_id_path, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to mount %s to %s", mock_boot_id_path,
			 boot_id_path);
		(void)unlink(mock_boot_id_path);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = mount(NULL, boot_id_path, NULL,
		    (MS_BIND | MS_REMOUNT | MS_RDONLY | MS_NOSUID | MS_NOEXEC |
		     MS_NODEV),
		    NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to remount %s read-only", boot_id_path);
		(void)unlink(mock_boot_id_path);
		return -1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int lxc_setup_keyring(struct lsm_ops *lsm_ops, const struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	key_serial_t keyring;
	int ret = 0;

	if (conf->lsm_se_keyring_context)
		ret = lsm_ops->keyring_label_set(lsm_ops, conf->lsm_se_keyring_context);
	else if (conf->lsm_se_context)
		ret = lsm_ops->keyring_label_set(lsm_ops, conf->lsm_se_context);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Failed to set keyring context");

	/*
	 * Try to allocate a new session keyring for the container to prevent
	 * information leaks.
	 */
	keyring = keyctl(KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING, prctl_arg(0),
			 prctl_arg(0), prctl_arg(0), prctl_arg(0));
	if (keyring < 0) {
		switch (errno) {
		case ENOSYS:
			DEBUG("The keyctl() syscall is not supported or blocked");
			break;
		case EACCES:
			__fallthrough;
		case EPERM:
			DEBUG("Failed to access kernel keyring. Continuing...");
			break;
		default:
			SYSERROR("Failed to create kernel keyring");
			break;
		}
	}

	return ret;
}

int lxc_setup(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	int ret;
	const char *lxcpath = handler->lxcpath, *name = handler->name;
	struct lxc_conf *lxc_conf = handler->conf;

	ret = lxc_setup_rootfs_prepare_root(lxc_conf, name, lxcpath);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup rootfs");

	if (handler->nsfd[LXC_NS_UTS] == -EBADF) {
		ret = setup_utsname(lxc_conf->utsname);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup the utsname %s", name);
	}

	if (!lxc_conf->keyring_disable_session) {
		ret = lxc_setup_keyring(handler->lsm_ops, lxc_conf);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup container keyring");
	}

	if (handler->ns_clone_flags & CLONE_NEWNET) {
		ret = lxc_setup_network_in_child_namespaces(lxc_conf,
							    &lxc_conf->network);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup network");

		ret = lxc_network_send_name_and_ifindex_to_parent(handler);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to send network device names and ifindices to parent");
	}

	if (lxc_conf->autodev > 0) {
		ret = mount_autodev(name, &lxc_conf->rootfs, lxc_conf->autodevtmpfssize, lxcpath);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to mount \"/dev\"");
	}

	lxc_conf->rootfs.dfd_dev = open_at(lxc_conf->rootfs.dfd_mnt, "dev",
					        PROTECT_OPATH_DIRECTORY,
						PROTECT_LOOKUP_BENEATH_XDEV, 0);
	if (lxc_conf->rootfs.dfd_dev < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open \"/dev\"");

	/* Do automatic mounts (mainly /proc and /sys), but exclude those that
	 * need to wait until other stuff has finished.
	 */
	ret = lxc_mount_auto_mounts(handler, lxc_conf->auto_mounts & ~LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MASK);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup first automatic mounts");

	ret = setup_mount_fstab(&lxc_conf->rootfs, lxc_conf->fstab, name, lxcpath);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup mounts");

	if (!lxc_list_empty(&lxc_conf->mount_list)) {
		ret = setup_mount_entries(lxc_conf, &lxc_conf->rootfs,
					  &lxc_conf->mount_list, name, lxcpath);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup mount entries");
	}

	if (lxc_conf->is_execute) {
		if (execveat_supported()) {
			int fd;
			char path[STRLITERALLEN(SBINDIR) + STRLITERALLEN("/init.lxc.static") + 1];

			ret = strnprintf(path, sizeof(path), SBINDIR "/init.lxc.static");
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error(-1, "Path to init.lxc.static too long");

			fd = open(path, O_NOCTTY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC | O_PATH);
			if (fd < 0)
				return log_error_errno(-1, errno, "Unable to open lxc.init.static");

			((struct execute_args *)handler->data)->init_fd = fd;
			((struct execute_args *)handler->data)->init_path = NULL;
		} else {
			ret = lxc_execute_bind_init(handler);
			if (ret < 0)
				return log_error(-1, "Failed to bind-mount the lxc init system");
		}
	}

	/* Now mount only cgroups, if wanted. Before, /sys could not have been
	 * mounted. It is guaranteed to be mounted now either through
	 * automatically or via fstab entries.
	 */
	ret = lxc_mount_auto_mounts(handler, lxc_conf->auto_mounts & LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MASK);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup remaining automatic mounts");

	ret = run_lxc_hooks(name, "mount", lxc_conf, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to run mount hooks");

	if (lxc_conf->autodev > 0) {
		ret = run_lxc_hooks(name, "autodev", lxc_conf, NULL);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to run autodev hooks");

		ret = lxc_fill_autodev(&lxc_conf->rootfs);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to populate \"/dev\"");
	}

	/* Make sure any start hooks are in the container */
	if (!verify_start_hooks(lxc_conf))
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to verify start hooks");

	ret = lxc_create_tmp_proc_mount(lxc_conf);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to \"/proc\" LSMs");

	ret = lxc_setup_console(&lxc_conf->rootfs, &lxc_conf->console,
				lxc_conf->ttys.dir);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup console");

	ret = lxc_setup_dev_symlinks(&lxc_conf->rootfs);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup \"/dev\" symlinks");

	ret = lxc_setup_rootfs_switch_root(&lxc_conf->rootfs);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to pivot root into rootfs");

	/* Setting the boot-id is best-effort for now. */
	if (lxc_conf->autodev > 0)
		(void)lxc_setup_boot_id();

	ret = lxc_setup_devpts_child(handler);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup new devpts instance");

	ret = lxc_create_ttys(handler);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -1;

	ret = setup_personality(lxc_conf->personality);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to set personality");

	/* Set sysctl value to a path under /proc/sys as determined from the
	 * key. For e.g. net.ipv4.ip_forward translated to
	 * /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward.
	 */
	if (!lxc_list_empty(&lxc_conf->sysctls)) {
		ret = setup_sysctl_parameters(&lxc_conf->sysctls);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to setup sysctl parameters");
	}

	if (!lxc_list_empty(&lxc_conf->keepcaps)) {
		if (!lxc_list_empty(&lxc_conf->caps))
			return log_error(-1, "Container requests lxc.cap.drop and lxc.cap.keep: either use lxc.cap.drop or lxc.cap.keep, not both");

		if (dropcaps_except(&lxc_conf->keepcaps))
			return log_error(-1, "Failed to keep capabilities");
	} else if (setup_caps(&lxc_conf->caps)) {
		return log_error(-1, "Failed to drop capabilities");
	}

	put_lxc_rootfs(&handler->conf->rootfs, true);
	NOTICE("The container \"%s\" is set up", name);

	return 0;
}

int run_lxc_hooks(const char *name, char *hookname, struct lxc_conf *conf,
		  char *argv[])
{
	struct lxc_list *it;
	int which;

	for (which = 0; which < NUM_LXC_HOOKS; which ++) {
		if (strequal(hookname, lxchook_names[which]))
			break;
	}

	if (which >= NUM_LXC_HOOKS)
		return -1;

	lxc_list_for_each (it, &conf->hooks[which]) {
		int ret;
		char *hook = it->elem;

		ret = run_script_argv(name, conf->hooks_version, "lxc", hook,
				      hookname, argv);
		if (ret < 0)
			return -1;
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_config_caps(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->caps, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

static int lxc_free_idmap(struct lxc_list *id_map)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe(it, id_map, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

static int __lxc_free_idmap(struct lxc_list *id_map)
{
	lxc_free_idmap(id_map);
	free(id_map);
	return 0;
}
define_cleanup_function(struct lxc_list *, __lxc_free_idmap);

int lxc_clear_idmaps(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	return lxc_free_idmap(&c->id_map);
}

int lxc_clear_config_keepcaps(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->keepcaps, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_namespace(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < LXC_NS_MAX; i++) {
		free(c->ns_share[i]);
		c->ns_share[i] = NULL;
	}
	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_cgroups(struct lxc_conf *c, const char *key, int version)
{
	char *global_token, *namespaced_token;
	size_t namespaced_token_len;
	struct lxc_list *it, *next, *list;
	const char *k = key;
	bool all = false;

	if (version == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC) {
		global_token = "lxc.cgroup2";
		namespaced_token = "lxc.cgroup2.";
		namespaced_token_len = STRLITERALLEN("lxc.cgroup2.");
		list = &c->cgroup2;
	} else if (version == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC) {
		global_token = "lxc.cgroup";
		namespaced_token = "lxc.cgroup.";
		namespaced_token_len = STRLITERALLEN("lxc.cgroup.");
		list = &c->cgroup;
	} else {
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (strequal(key, global_token))
		all = true;
	else if (strnequal(key, namespaced_token, namespaced_token_len))
		k += namespaced_token_len;
	else
		return -EINVAL;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, list, next) {
		struct lxc_cgroup *cg = it->elem;

		if (!all && !strequal(cg->subsystem, k))
			continue;

		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(cg->subsystem);
		free(cg->value);
		free(cg);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

static void lxc_clear_devices(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	struct lxc_list *list = &conf->devices;
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe(it, list, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it);
	}
}

int lxc_clear_limits(struct lxc_conf *c, const char *key)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;
	const char *k = NULL;
	bool all = false;

	if (strequal(key, "lxc.limit") || strequal(key, "lxc.prlimit"))
		all = true;
	else if (strnequal(key, "lxc.limit.", STRLITERALLEN("lxc.limit.")))
		k = key + STRLITERALLEN("lxc.limit.");
	else if (strnequal(key, "lxc.prlimit.", STRLITERALLEN("lxc.prlimit.")))
		k = key + STRLITERALLEN("lxc.prlimit.");
	else
		return -1;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->limits, next) {
		struct lxc_limit *lim = it->elem;

		if (!all && !strequal(lim->resource, k))
			continue;

		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(lim->resource);
		free(lim);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_sysctls(struct lxc_conf *c, const char *key)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;
	const char *k = NULL;
	bool all = false;

	if (strequal(key, "lxc.sysctl"))
		all = true;
	else if (strnequal(key, "lxc.sysctl.", STRLITERALLEN("lxc.sysctl.")))
		k = key + STRLITERALLEN("lxc.sysctl.");
	else
		return -1;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->sysctls, next) {
		struct lxc_sysctl *elem = it->elem;

		if (!all && !strequal(elem->key, k))
			continue;

		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(elem->key);
		free(elem->value);
		free(elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_procs(struct lxc_conf *c, const char *key)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;
	const char *k = NULL;
	bool all = false;

	if (strequal(key, "lxc.proc"))
		all = true;
	else if (strnequal(key, "lxc.proc.", STRLITERALLEN("lxc.proc.")))
		k = key + STRLITERALLEN("lxc.proc.");
	else
		return -1;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->procs, next) {
		struct lxc_proc *proc = it->elem;

		if (!all && !strequal(proc->filename, k))
			continue;

		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(proc->filename);
		free(proc->value);
		free(proc);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_groups(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->groups, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_environment(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->environment, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_mount_entries(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->mount_list, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_automounts(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	c->auto_mounts = 0;
	return 0;
}

int lxc_clear_hooks(struct lxc_conf *c, const char *key)
{
	int i;
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;
	const char *k = NULL;
	bool all = false, done = false;

	if (strequal(key, "lxc.hook"))
		all = true;
	else if (strnequal(key, "lxc.hook.", STRLITERALLEN("lxc.hook.")))
		k = key + STRLITERALLEN("lxc.hook.");
	else
		return -1;

	for (i = 0; i < NUM_LXC_HOOKS; i++) {
		if (all || strequal(k, lxchook_names[i])) {
			lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->hooks[i], next) {
				lxc_list_del(it);
				free(it->elem);
				free(it);
			}

			done = true;
		}
	}

	if (!done)
		return log_error(-1, "Invalid hook key: %s", key);

	return 0;
}

static inline void lxc_clear_aliens(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &conf->aliens, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}
}

void lxc_clear_includes(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &conf->includes, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}
}

int lxc_clear_apparmor_raw(struct lxc_conf *c)
{
	struct lxc_list *it, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (it, &c->lsm_aa_raw, next) {
		lxc_list_del(it);
		free(it->elem);
		free(it);
	}

	return 0;
}

void lxc_conf_free(struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	if (!conf)
		return;

	if (current_config == conf)
		current_config = NULL;
	lxc_terminal_conf_free(&conf->console);
	free(conf->rootfs.mount);
	free(conf->rootfs.bdev_type);
	free(conf->rootfs.options);
	free(conf->rootfs.path);
	free(conf->rootfs.data);
	put_lxc_rootfs(&conf->rootfs, true);
	free(conf->logfile);
	if (conf->logfd != -1)
		close(conf->logfd);
	free(conf->utsname);
	free(conf->ttys.dir);
	free(conf->ttys.tty_names);
	free(conf->fstab);
	free(conf->rcfile);
	free(conf->execute_cmd);
	free(conf->init_cmd);
	free(conf->init_groups.list);
	free(conf->init_cwd);
	free(conf->unexpanded_config);
	free(conf->syslog);
	lxc_free_networks(&conf->network);
	free(conf->lsm_aa_profile);
	free(conf->lsm_aa_profile_computed);
	free(conf->lsm_se_context);
	lxc_seccomp_free(&conf->seccomp);
	lxc_clear_config_caps(conf);
	lxc_clear_config_keepcaps(conf);
	lxc_clear_cgroups(conf, "lxc.cgroup", CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC);
	lxc_clear_cgroups(conf, "lxc.cgroup2", CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC);
	lxc_clear_devices(conf);
	lxc_clear_hooks(conf, "lxc.hook");
	lxc_clear_mount_entries(conf);
	lxc_clear_idmaps(conf);
	lxc_clear_groups(conf);
	lxc_clear_includes(conf);
	lxc_clear_aliens(conf);
	lxc_clear_environment(conf);
	lxc_clear_limits(conf, "lxc.prlimit");
	lxc_clear_sysctls(conf, "lxc.sysctl");
	lxc_clear_procs(conf, "lxc.proc");
	lxc_clear_apparmor_raw(conf);
	lxc_clear_namespace(conf);
	free(conf->cgroup_meta.dir);
	free(conf->cgroup_meta.controllers);
	free(conf->shmount.path_host);
	free(conf->shmount.path_cont);
	free(conf);
}

struct userns_fn_data {
	int (*fn)(void *);
	const char *fn_name;
	void *arg;
	int p[2];
};

static int run_userns_fn(void *data)
{
	struct userns_fn_data *d = data;
	int ret;
	char c;

	close_prot_errno_disarm(d->p[1]);

	/*
	 * Wait for parent to finish establishing a new mapping in the user
	 * namespace we are executing in.
	 */
	ret = lxc_read_nointr(d->p[0], &c, 1);
	close_prot_errno_disarm(d->p[0]);
	if (ret != 1)
		return -1;

	if (d->fn_name)
		TRACE("Calling function \"%s\"", d->fn_name);

	/* Call function to run. */
	return d->fn(d->arg);
}

static struct id_map *mapped_nsid_add(const struct lxc_conf *conf, unsigned id,
				      enum idtype idtype)
{
	const struct id_map *map;
	struct id_map *retmap;

	map = find_mapped_nsid_entry(conf, id, idtype);
	if (!map)
		return NULL;

	retmap = malloc(sizeof(*retmap));
	if (!retmap)
		return NULL;

	memcpy(retmap, map, sizeof(*retmap));
	return retmap;
}

static struct id_map *find_mapped_hostid_entry(const struct lxc_conf *conf,
					       unsigned id, enum idtype idtype)
{
	struct id_map *map;
	struct lxc_list *it;
	struct id_map *retmap = NULL;

	lxc_list_for_each (it, &conf->id_map) {
		map = it->elem;
		if (map->idtype != idtype)
			continue;

		if (id >= map->hostid && id < map->hostid + map->range) {
			retmap = map;
			break;
		}
	}

	return retmap;
}

/* Allocate a new {g,u}id mapping for the given {g,u}id. Re-use an already
 * existing one or establish a new one.
 */
static struct id_map *mapped_hostid_add(const struct lxc_conf *conf, uid_t id,
					enum idtype type)
{
	__do_free struct id_map *entry = NULL;
	int hostid_mapped;
	struct id_map *tmp = NULL;

	entry = malloc(sizeof(*entry));
	if (!entry)
		return NULL;

	/* Reuse existing mapping. */
	tmp = find_mapped_hostid_entry(conf, id, type);
	if (tmp) {
		memcpy(entry, tmp, sizeof(*entry));
	} else {
		/* Find new mapping. */
		hostid_mapped = find_unmapped_nsid(conf, type);
		if (hostid_mapped < 0)
			return log_debug(NULL, "Failed to find free mapping for id %d", id);

		entry->idtype = type;
		entry->nsid = hostid_mapped;
		entry->hostid = (unsigned long)id;
		entry->range = 1;
	}

	return move_ptr(entry);
}

static struct lxc_list *get_minimal_idmap(const struct lxc_conf *conf,
					  uid_t *resuid, gid_t *resgid)
{
	__do_free struct id_map *container_root_uid = NULL,
				*container_root_gid = NULL,
				*host_uid_map = NULL, *host_gid_map = NULL;
	__do_free struct lxc_list *idmap = NULL;
	uid_t euid, egid;
	uid_t nsuid = (conf->root_nsuid_map != NULL) ? 0 : conf->init_uid;
	gid_t nsgid = (conf->root_nsgid_map != NULL) ? 0 : conf->init_gid;
	struct lxc_list *tmplist = NULL;

	/* Find container root mappings. */
	container_root_uid = mapped_nsid_add(conf, nsuid, ID_TYPE_UID);
	if (!container_root_uid)
		return log_debug(NULL, "Failed to find mapping for namespace uid %d", 0);
	euid = geteuid();
	if (euid >= container_root_uid->hostid &&
	    euid < (container_root_uid->hostid + container_root_uid->range))
		host_uid_map = move_ptr(container_root_uid);

	container_root_gid = mapped_nsid_add(conf, nsgid, ID_TYPE_GID);
	if (!container_root_gid)
		return log_debug(NULL, "Failed to find mapping for namespace gid %d", 0);
	egid = getegid();
	if (egid >= container_root_gid->hostid &&
	    egid < (container_root_gid->hostid + container_root_gid->range))
		host_gid_map = move_ptr(container_root_gid);

	/* Check whether the {g,u}id of the user has a mapping. */
	if (!host_uid_map)
		host_uid_map = mapped_hostid_add(conf, euid, ID_TYPE_UID);
	if (!host_uid_map)
		return log_debug(NULL, "Failed to find mapping for uid %d", euid);

	if (!host_gid_map)
		host_gid_map = mapped_hostid_add(conf, egid, ID_TYPE_GID);
	if (!host_gid_map)
		return log_debug(NULL, "Failed to find mapping for gid %d", egid);

	/* Allocate new {g,u}id map list. */
	idmap = malloc(sizeof(*idmap));
	if (!idmap)
		return NULL;
	lxc_list_init(idmap);

	/* Add container root to the map. */
	tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
	if (!tmplist)
		return NULL;
	/* idmap will now keep track of that memory. */
	lxc_list_add_elem(tmplist, move_ptr(host_uid_map));
	lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);

	if (container_root_uid) {
		/* Add container root to the map. */
		tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
		if (!tmplist)
			return NULL;
		/* idmap will now keep track of that memory. */
		lxc_list_add_elem(tmplist, move_ptr(container_root_uid));
		lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);
	}

	tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
	if (!tmplist)
		return NULL;
	/* idmap will now keep track of that memory. */
	lxc_list_add_elem(tmplist, move_ptr(host_gid_map));
	lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);

	if (container_root_gid) {
		tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
		if (!tmplist)
			return NULL;
		/* idmap will now keep track of that memory. */
		lxc_list_add_elem(tmplist, move_ptr(container_root_gid));
		lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);
	}

	TRACE("Allocated minimal idmapping for ns uid %d and ns gid %d", nsuid, nsgid);

	if (resuid)
		*resuid = nsuid;
	if (resgid)
		*resgid = nsgid;
	return move_ptr(idmap);
}

/*
 * Run a function in a new user namespace.
 * The caller's euid/egid will be mapped if it is not already.
 * Afaict, userns_exec_1() is only used to operate based on privileges for the
 * user's own {g,u}id on the host and for the container root's unmapped {g,u}id.
 * This means we require only to establish a mapping from:
 * - the container root {g,u}id as seen from the host > user's host {g,u}id
 * - the container root -> some sub{g,u}id
 * The former we add, if the user did not specify a mapping. The latter we
 * retrieve from the container's configured {g,u}id mappings as it must have been
 * there to start the container in the first place.
 */
int userns_exec_1(const struct lxc_conf *conf, int (*fn)(void *), void *data,
		  const char *fn_name)
{
	call_cleaner(__lxc_free_idmap) struct lxc_list *idmap = NULL;
	int ret = -1, status = -1;
	char c = '1';
	struct userns_fn_data d = {
	    .arg	= data,
	    .fn		= fn,
	    .fn_name	= fn_name,
	};
	pid_t pid;
	int pipe_fds[2];

	if (!conf)
		return -EINVAL;

	idmap = get_minimal_idmap(conf, NULL, NULL);
	if (!idmap)
		return ret_errno(ENOENT);

	ret = pipe2(pipe_fds, O_CLOEXEC);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -errno;

	d.p[0]		= pipe_fds[0];
	d.p[1]		= pipe_fds[1];

	/* Clone child in new user namespace. */
	pid = lxc_raw_clone_cb(run_userns_fn, &d, CLONE_NEWUSER, NULL);
	if (pid < 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to clone process in new user namespace");
		goto on_error;
	}

	close_prot_errno_disarm(pipe_fds[0]);

	if (lxc_log_trace()) {
		struct id_map *map;
		struct lxc_list *it;

		lxc_list_for_each(it, idmap) {
			map = it->elem;
			TRACE("Establishing %cid mapping for \"%d\" in new user namespace: nsuid %lu - hostid %lu - range %lu",
			      (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID) ? 'u' : 'g', pid, map->nsid, map->hostid, map->range);
		}
	}

	/* Set up {g,u}id mapping for user namespace of child process. */
	ret = lxc_map_ids(idmap, pid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("Error setting up {g,u}id mappings for child process \"%d\"", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Tell child to proceed. */
	if (lxc_write_nointr(pipe_fds[1], &c, 1) != 1) {
		SYSERROR("Failed telling child process \"%d\" to proceed", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

on_error:
	close_prot_errno_disarm(pipe_fds[0]);
	close_prot_errno_disarm(pipe_fds[1]);

	/* Wait for child to finish. */
	if (pid > 0)
		status = wait_for_pid(pid);

	if (status < 0)
		ret = -1;

	return ret;
}

int userns_exec_minimal(const struct lxc_conf *conf,
			int (*fn_parent)(void *), void *fn_parent_data,
			int (*fn_child)(void *), void *fn_child_data)
{
	call_cleaner(__lxc_free_idmap) struct lxc_list *idmap = NULL;
	uid_t resuid = LXC_INVALID_UID;
	gid_t resgid = LXC_INVALID_GID;
	char c = '1';
	ssize_t ret;
	pid_t pid;
	int sock_fds[2];

	if (!conf || !fn_child)
		return ret_errno(EINVAL);

	idmap = get_minimal_idmap(conf, &resuid, &resgid);
	if (!idmap)
		return ret_errno(ENOENT);

	ret = socketpair(PF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, sock_fds);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -errno;

	pid = fork();
	if (pid < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to create new process");
		goto on_error;
	}

	if (pid == 0) {
		close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[1]);

		ret = unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to unshare new user namespace");
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		ret = lxc_write_nointr(sock_fds[0], &c, 1);
		if (ret != 1)
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		ret = lxc_read_nointr(sock_fds[0], &c, 1);
		if (ret != 1)
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[0]);

		if (!lxc_drop_groups() && errno != EPERM)
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		ret = setresgid(resgid, resgid, resgid);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to setresgid(%d, %d, %d)",
				 resgid, resgid, resgid);
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		ret = setresuid(resuid, resuid, resuid);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to setresuid(%d, %d, %d)",
				 resuid, resuid, resuid);
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		ret = fn_child(fn_child_data);
		if (ret) {
			SYSERROR("Running function in new user namespace failed");
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}

	close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[0]);

	if (lxc_log_trace()) {
		struct id_map *map;
		struct lxc_list *it;

		lxc_list_for_each(it, idmap) {
			map = it->elem;
			TRACE("Establishing %cid mapping for \"%d\" in new user namespace: nsuid %lu - hostid %lu - range %lu",
			      (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID) ? 'u' : 'g', pid, map->nsid, map->hostid, map->range);
		}
	}

	ret = lxc_read_nointr(sock_fds[1], &c, 1);
	if (ret != 1) {
		SYSERROR("Failed waiting for child process %d\" to tell us to proceed", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Set up {g,u}id mapping for user namespace of child process. */
	ret = lxc_map_ids(idmap, pid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("Error setting up {g,u}id mappings for child process \"%d\"", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Tell child to proceed. */
	ret = lxc_write_nointr(sock_fds[1], &c, 1);
	if (ret != 1) {
		SYSERROR("Failed telling child process \"%d\" to proceed", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	if (fn_parent && fn_parent(fn_parent_data)) {
		SYSERROR("Running parent function failed");
		_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

on_error:
	close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[0]);
	close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[1]);

	/* Wait for child to finish. */
	if (pid < 0)
		return -1;

	return wait_for_pid(pid);
}

int userns_exec_full(struct lxc_conf *conf, int (*fn)(void *), void *data,
		     const char *fn_name)
{
	pid_t pid;
	uid_t euid, egid;
	int p[2];
	struct id_map *map;
	struct lxc_list *cur;
	struct userns_fn_data d;
	int ret = -1;
	char c = '1';
	struct lxc_list *idmap = NULL, *tmplist = NULL;
	struct id_map *container_root_uid = NULL, *container_root_gid = NULL,
		      *host_uid_map = NULL, *host_gid_map = NULL;

	if (!conf)
		return -EINVAL;

	ret = pipe2(p, O_CLOEXEC);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("opening pipe");
		return -1;
	}
	d.fn = fn;
	d.fn_name = fn_name;
	d.arg = data;
	d.p[0] = p[0];
	d.p[1] = p[1];

	/* Clone child in new user namespace. */
	pid = lxc_clone(run_userns_fn, &d, CLONE_NEWUSER, NULL);
	if (pid < 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to clone process in new user namespace");
		goto on_error;
	}

	close(p[0]);
	p[0] = -1;

	euid = geteuid();
	egid = getegid();

	/* Allocate new {g,u}id map list. */
	idmap = malloc(sizeof(*idmap));
	if (!idmap)
		goto on_error;
	lxc_list_init(idmap);

	/* Find container root. */
	lxc_list_for_each (cur, &conf->id_map) {
		struct id_map *tmpmap;

		tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
		if (!tmplist)
			goto on_error;

		tmpmap = malloc(sizeof(*tmpmap));
		if (!tmpmap) {
			free(tmplist);
			goto on_error;
		}

		memset(tmpmap, 0, sizeof(*tmpmap));
		memcpy(tmpmap, cur->elem, sizeof(*tmpmap));
		tmplist->elem = tmpmap;

		lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);

		map = cur->elem;

		if (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID)
			if (euid >= map->hostid && euid < map->hostid + map->range)
				host_uid_map = map;

		if (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_GID)
			if (egid >= map->hostid && egid < map->hostid + map->range)
				host_gid_map = map;

		if (map->nsid != 0)
			continue;

		if (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID)
			if (container_root_uid == NULL)
				container_root_uid = map;

		if (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_GID)
			if (container_root_gid == NULL)
				container_root_gid = map;
	}

	if (!container_root_uid || !container_root_gid) {
		ERROR("No mapping for container root found");
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Check whether the {g,u}id of the user has a mapping. */
	if (!host_uid_map)
		host_uid_map = mapped_hostid_add(conf, euid, ID_TYPE_UID);
	else
		host_uid_map = container_root_uid;

	if (!host_gid_map)
		host_gid_map = mapped_hostid_add(conf, egid, ID_TYPE_GID);
	else
		host_gid_map = container_root_gid;

	if (!host_uid_map) {
		DEBUG("Failed to find mapping for uid %d", euid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	if (!host_gid_map) {
		DEBUG("Failed to find mapping for gid %d", egid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	if (host_uid_map && (host_uid_map != container_root_uid)) {
		/* Add container root to the map. */
		tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
		if (!tmplist)
			goto on_error;
		lxc_list_add_elem(tmplist, host_uid_map);
		lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);
	}
	/* idmap will now keep track of that memory. */
	host_uid_map = NULL;

	if (host_gid_map && (host_gid_map != container_root_gid)) {
		tmplist = malloc(sizeof(*tmplist));
		if (!tmplist)
			goto on_error;
		lxc_list_add_elem(tmplist, host_gid_map);
		lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, tmplist);
	}
	/* idmap will now keep track of that memory. */
	host_gid_map = NULL;

	if (lxc_log_trace()) {
		lxc_list_for_each (cur, idmap) {
			map = cur->elem;
			TRACE("establishing %cid mapping for \"%d\" in new "
			      "user namespace: nsuid %lu - hostid %lu - range "
			      "%lu",
			      (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID) ? 'u' : 'g', pid,
			      map->nsid, map->hostid, map->range);
		}
	}

	/* Set up {g,u}id mapping for user namespace of child process. */
	ret = lxc_map_ids(idmap, pid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("error setting up {g,u}id mappings for child process \"%d\"", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Tell child to proceed. */
	if (lxc_write_nointr(p[1], &c, 1) != 1) {
		SYSERROR("Failed telling child process \"%d\" to proceed", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

on_error:
	if (p[0] != -1)
		close(p[0]);
	close(p[1]);

	/* Wait for child to finish. */
	if (pid > 0)
		ret = wait_for_pid(pid);

	if (idmap)
		__lxc_free_idmap(idmap);

	if (host_uid_map && (host_uid_map != container_root_uid))
		free(host_uid_map);
	if (host_gid_map && (host_gid_map != container_root_gid))
		free(host_gid_map);

	return ret;
}

static int add_idmap_entry(struct lxc_list *idmap, enum idtype idtype,
			   unsigned long nsid, unsigned long hostid,
			   unsigned long range)
{
	__do_free struct id_map *new_idmap = NULL;
	__do_free struct lxc_list *new_list = NULL;

	new_idmap = zalloc(sizeof(*new_idmap));
	if (!new_idmap)
		return ret_errno(ENOMEM);

	new_idmap->idtype = idtype;
	new_idmap->hostid = hostid;
	new_idmap->nsid = nsid;
	new_idmap->range = range;

	new_list = zalloc(sizeof(*new_list));
	if (!new_list)
		return ret_errno(ENOMEM);

	new_list->elem = move_ptr(new_idmap);
	lxc_list_add_tail(idmap, move_ptr(new_list));

	INFO("Adding id map: type %c nsid %lu hostid %lu range %lu",
	     idtype == ID_TYPE_UID ? 'u' : 'g', nsid, hostid, range);
	return 0;
}

int userns_exec_mapped_root(const char *path, int path_fd,
			    const struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	call_cleaner(__lxc_free_idmap) struct lxc_list *idmap = NULL;
	__do_close int fd = -EBADF;
	int target_fd = -EBADF;
	char c = '1';
	ssize_t ret;
	pid_t pid;
	int sock_fds[2];
	uid_t container_host_uid, hostuid;
	gid_t container_host_gid, hostgid;
	struct stat st;

	if (!conf || (!path && path_fd < 0))
		return ret_errno(EINVAL);

	if (!path)
		path = "(null)";

	container_host_uid = get_mapped_rootid(conf, ID_TYPE_UID);
	if (!uid_valid(container_host_uid))
		return log_error(-1, "No uid mapping for container root");

	container_host_gid = get_mapped_rootid(conf, ID_TYPE_GID);
	if (!gid_valid(container_host_gid))
		return log_error(-1, "No gid mapping for container root");

	if (path_fd < 0) {
		fd = open(path, O_CLOEXEC | O_NOCTTY);
		if (fd < 0)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to open \"%s\"", path);
		target_fd = fd;
	} else {
		target_fd = path_fd;
	}

	hostuid = geteuid();
	/* We are root so chown directly. */
	if (hostuid == 0) {
		ret = fchown(target_fd, container_host_uid, container_host_gid);
		if (ret)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
					       "Failed to fchown(%d(%s), %d, %d)",
					       target_fd, path, container_host_uid,
					       container_host_gid);
		return log_trace(0, "Chowned %d(%s) to uid %d and %d", target_fd, path,
				 container_host_uid, container_host_gid);
	}

	/* The container's root host id matches  */
	if (container_host_uid == hostuid)
		return log_info(0, "Container root id is mapped to our uid");

	/* Get the current ids of our target. */
	ret = fstat(target_fd, &st);
	if (ret)
		return log_error_errno(-errno, errno, "Failed to stat \"%s\"", path);

	hostgid = getegid();
	if (st.st_uid == hostuid && mapped_hostid(st.st_gid, conf, ID_TYPE_GID) < 0) {
		ret = fchown(target_fd, -1, hostgid);
		if (ret)
			return log_error_errno(-errno, errno,
					       "Failed to fchown(%d(%s), -1, %d)",
					       target_fd, path, hostgid);
		TRACE("Chowned %d(%s) to -1:%d", target_fd, path, hostgid);
	}

	idmap = malloc(sizeof(*idmap));
	if (!idmap)
		return -ENOMEM;
	lxc_list_init(idmap);

	/* "u:0:rootuid:1" */
	ret = add_idmap_entry(idmap, ID_TYPE_UID, 0, container_host_uid, 1);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, -ret, "Failed to add idmap entry");

	/* "u:hostuid:hostuid:1" */
	ret = add_idmap_entry(idmap, ID_TYPE_UID, hostuid, hostuid, 1);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, -ret, "Failed to add idmap entry");

	/* "g:0:rootgid:1" */
	ret = add_idmap_entry(idmap, ID_TYPE_GID, 0, container_host_gid, 1);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, -ret, "Failed to add idmap entry");

	/* "g:hostgid:hostgid:1" */
	ret = add_idmap_entry(idmap, ID_TYPE_GID, hostgid, hostgid, 1);
	if (ret < 0)
		return log_error_errno(ret, -ret, "Failed to add idmap entry");

	if (hostgid != st.st_gid) {
		/* "g:pathgid:rootgid+pathgid:1" */
		ret = add_idmap_entry(idmap, ID_TYPE_GID, st.st_gid,
				      container_host_gid + (gid_t)st.st_gid, 1);
		if (ret < 0)
			return log_error_errno(ret, -ret, "Failed to add idmap entry");
	}

	ret = socketpair(PF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, sock_fds);
	if (ret < 0)
		return -errno;

	pid = fork();
	if (pid < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to create new process");
		goto on_error;
	}

	if (pid == 0) {
		close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[1]);

		ret = unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to unshare new user namespace");
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		ret = lxc_write_nointr(sock_fds[0], &c, 1);
		if (ret != 1)
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		ret = lxc_read_nointr(sock_fds[0], &c, 1);
		if (ret != 1)
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[0]);

		if (!lxc_switch_uid_gid(0, 0))
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		if (!lxc_drop_groups())
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

		ret = fchown(target_fd, 0, st.st_gid);
		if (ret) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to chown %d(%s) to 0:%d", target_fd, path, st.st_gid);
			_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
		}

		TRACE("Chowned %d(%s) to 0:%d", target_fd, path, st.st_gid);
		_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}

	close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[0]);

	if (lxc_log_trace()) {
		struct id_map *map;
		struct lxc_list *it;

		lxc_list_for_each(it, idmap) {
			map = it->elem;
			TRACE("Establishing %cid mapping for \"%d\" in new user namespace: nsuid %lu - hostid %lu - range %lu",
			      (map->idtype == ID_TYPE_UID) ? 'u' : 'g', pid, map->nsid, map->hostid, map->range);
		}
	}

	ret = lxc_read_nointr(sock_fds[1], &c, 1);
	if (ret != 1) {
		SYSERROR("Failed waiting for child process %d\" to tell us to proceed", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Set up {g,u}id mapping for user namespace of child process. */
	ret = lxc_map_ids(idmap, pid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("Error setting up {g,u}id mappings for child process \"%d\"", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Tell child to proceed. */
	ret = lxc_write_nointr(sock_fds[1], &c, 1);
	if (ret != 1) {
		SYSERROR("Failed telling child process \"%d\" to proceed", pid);
		goto on_error;
	}

on_error:
	close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[0]);
	close_prot_errno_disarm(sock_fds[1]);

	/* Wait for child to finish. */
	if (pid < 0)
		return -1;

	return wait_for_pid(pid);
}

/* not thread-safe, do not use from api without first forking */
static char *getuname(void)
{
	__do_free char *buf = NULL;
	struct passwd pwent;
	struct passwd *pwentp = NULL;
	size_t bufsize;
	int ret;

	bufsize = sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX);
	if (bufsize == -1)
		bufsize = 1024;

	buf = malloc(bufsize);
	if (!buf)
		return NULL;

	ret = getpwuid_r(geteuid(), &pwent, buf, bufsize, &pwentp);
	if (!pwentp) {
		if (ret == 0)
			WARN("Could not find matched password record.");

		return log_error(NULL, "Failed to get password record - %u", geteuid());
	}

	return strdup(pwent.pw_name);
}

/* not thread-safe, do not use from api without first forking */
static char *getgname(void)
{
	__do_free char *buf = NULL;
	struct group grent;
	struct group *grentp = NULL;
	size_t bufsize;
	int ret;

	bufsize = sysconf(_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX);
	if (bufsize == -1)
		bufsize = 1024;

	buf = malloc(bufsize);
	if (!buf)
		return NULL;

	ret = getgrgid_r(getegid(), &grent, buf, bufsize, &grentp);
	if (!grentp) {
		if (ret == 0)
			WARN("Could not find matched group record");

		return log_error(NULL, "Failed to get group record - %u", getegid());
	}

	return strdup(grent.gr_name);
}

/* not thread-safe, do not use from api without first forking */
void suggest_default_idmap(void)
{
	__do_free char *gname = NULL, *line = NULL, *uname = NULL;
	__do_fclose FILE *subuid_f = NULL, *subgid_f = NULL;
	unsigned int uid = 0, urange = 0, gid = 0, grange = 0;
	size_t len = 0;

	uname = getuname();
	if (!uname)
		return;

	gname = getgname();
	if (!gname)
		return;

	subuid_f = fopen(subuidfile, "re");
	if (!subuid_f) {
		ERROR("Your system is not configured with subuids");
		return;
	}

	while (getline(&line, &len, subuid_f) != -1) {
		char *p, *p2;
		size_t no_newline = 0;

		p = strchr(line, ':');
		if (*line == '#')
			continue;
		if (!p)
			continue;
		*p = '\0';
		p++;

		if (!strequal(line, uname))
			continue;

		p2 = strchr(p, ':');
		if (!p2)
			continue;
		*p2 = '\0';
		p2++;
		if (!*p2)
			continue;
		no_newline = strcspn(p2, "\n");
		p2[no_newline] = '\0';

		if (lxc_safe_uint(p, &uid) < 0)
			WARN("Could not parse UID");
		if (lxc_safe_uint(p2, &urange) < 0)
			WARN("Could not parse UID range");
	}

	subgid_f = fopen(subgidfile, "re");
	if (!subgid_f) {
		ERROR("Your system is not configured with subgids");
		return;
	}

	while (getline(&line, &len, subgid_f) != -1) {
		char *p, *p2;
		size_t no_newline = 0;

		p = strchr(line, ':');
		if (*line == '#')
			continue;
		if (!p)
			continue;
		*p = '\0';
		p++;

		if (!strequal(line, uname))
			continue;

		p2 = strchr(p, ':');
		if (!p2)
			continue;
		*p2 = '\0';
		p2++;
		if (!*p2)
			continue;
		no_newline = strcspn(p2, "\n");
		p2[no_newline] = '\0';

		if (lxc_safe_uint(p, &gid) < 0)
			WARN("Could not parse GID");
		if (lxc_safe_uint(p2, &grange) < 0)
			WARN("Could not parse GID range");
	}

	if (!urange || !grange) {
		ERROR("You do not have subuids or subgids allocated");
		ERROR("Unprivileged containers require subuids and subgids");
		return;
	}

	ERROR("You must either run as root, or define uid mappings");
	ERROR("To pass uid mappings to lxc-create, you could create");
	ERROR("~/.config/lxc/default.conf:");
	ERROR("lxc.include = %s", LXC_DEFAULT_CONFIG);
	ERROR("lxc.idmap = u 0 %u %u", uid, urange);
	ERROR("lxc.idmap = g 0 %u %u", gid, grange);
}

static void free_cgroup_settings(struct lxc_list *result)
{
	struct lxc_list *iterator, *next;

	lxc_list_for_each_safe (iterator, result, next) {
		lxc_list_del(iterator);
		free_disarm(iterator);
	}
	free_disarm(result);
}

/* Return the list of cgroup_settings sorted according to the following rules
 * 1. Put memory.limit_in_bytes before memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes
 */
struct lxc_list *sort_cgroup_settings(struct lxc_list *cgroup_settings)
{
	struct lxc_list *result;
	struct lxc_cgroup *cg = NULL;
	struct lxc_list *it = NULL, *item = NULL, *memsw_limit = NULL;

	result = malloc(sizeof(*result));
	if (!result)
		return NULL;
	lxc_list_init(result);

	/* Iterate over the cgroup settings and copy them to the output list. */
	lxc_list_for_each (it, cgroup_settings) {
		item = malloc(sizeof(*item));
		if (!item) {
			free_cgroup_settings(result);
			return NULL;
		}

		item->elem = it->elem;
		cg = it->elem;
		if (strequal(cg->subsystem, "memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes")) {
			/* Store the memsw_limit location */
			memsw_limit = item;
		} else if (strequal(cg->subsystem, "memory.limit_in_bytes") &&
			   memsw_limit != NULL) {
			/* lxc.cgroup.memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes is found
			 * before lxc.cgroup.memory.limit_in_bytes, swap these
			 * two items */
			item->elem = memsw_limit->elem;
			memsw_limit->elem = it->elem;
		}
		lxc_list_add_tail(result, item);
	}

	return result;
}
